最新银行不良率定义优秀3篇

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银行不良率定义 篇1

解析我国空调市场三大销售模式

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在空调行业,我国几个有实力的大企业采取了截然不同的销售模式。其原因之一是这几大品牌进入空调市场的时间有先有后,而各企业又是结合当时的市场状况和自身特点来建立销售模式。在经过了不断的摸索和完善之后,他们依然沿用了最初进入市场时所建立的基本框架。--春兰模式

春兰集团全国现有1500多家经销商,每家经销商都拥有各自的批发网点和二级分销商体系。春兰曾经对经销商的发展规模进行许多限制性的规定,比如春兰经销商的平均月销售额最低不能少于40万元,最高也不能超过120万元,直到最近两年的这种硬性规定才有所放松。

为了使经销商的经营业绩有一个比较规范的衡量标准,春兰集团还在全国范围内建立了150家专卖店,但为了避免与经销商的利益发生冲突,春兰专卖店的规模一般不超过经销商的水平,在每座城市专卖店的数量也限制在2~3家以内,而且在专卖店中销售的春兰空调定价也略高于经销商的价格,这种做法对稳定价格、平衡市场起到了一定的积极作用。

在这种销售模式中,厂家要在销售渠道上注意以下几种情况:

1.要把握好经销商的选择;

2.严格的控制市场零售价,维护终端市场价格的统一;

3.协调好各区域经销商之间的利益冲突。

--格力模式

在空调行业中,格力、科龙、美的等企业采用的分销模式?quot;大户激励机制"。这种模式与春兰模式的主要区别在于它不限制经销商做大规模,而是在每个区域都着力培养数个销售大户。为此它们采取了一套有效的激励机制,如在销售淡季有高达7%-8%的返利,全年有2%-3%的返利,销售额越高,返利回款比例也就越高等。

格力模式的优势在于极大地降低了销售管理成本。对于大型空调企业来说,如果在每个地区只保持与几家经销大户关系密切,易于理顺关系,紧密协作,而对于中小经销商的协调工作,则可以放手由经销大户来完成。

--海尔模式

海尔空调的分销方式是自己动手,丰衣足食。不论在省会城市、地级城市还是县级城市,海尔公司都会依靠自己的分支机构建立销售网络和渠道,发展零售商。

由于各地营销中心的存在,海尔有能力严格选择零售商,并配合市场销售,举行多种行之有效的宣传促销活动,这也为维护品牌形象和今后的规模化发展打下了良好的基础。

这种模式的优点在于:取消了中间流通环节,降低了销售渠道的成本,厂家能真正拥有属于自己的零售网络资源,有利于对零售终端网络的控制与管理。目前,在国内能够采取这种模式的一般是实力雄厚的大集团、大企业,而且为数不多。

在分销问题上,厂商之间的感觉一直很微妙。两者相互依存,谁也离不开谁,有时又难免磕磕碰碰。比如,厂家担心经销商缺乏忠诚,扰乱市场,而经销商抱怨厂家政策多变,价位不一,同时

也会顾虑同行中的大户操纵市场。厂商各自实现利益的最大化就体现在双方如何尽量消除这种矛盾,建立起一个相对平衡的利益机制。从市场上看,哪里的生产商能与经销商保持健康的合作关系,哪里的消费者就可以得到更满意的产品和更好的服务。

银行不良率定义 篇2

六级议论文模式

一. 现象模式 【社会中性现象】

para.1: 引出话题(今昔对照;数据引用)para.2: 分析原因(至少2点)para.3: 指出后果

para.4: 预测趋势;个人见解

currently a phenomenon is causing wide concern in society: … while a decade ago … used to, now … according to a recent survey, …

it is significant to explore the reasons for this one thing, … for another, … last but not least, …

undoubtedly/obviously, this phenomenon / the increase in … makes impacts on people’s everyday lives and work.…

it can be predicted that the trend will last over the years to my opinion, we should have a down-to-earth approach to one hand, we can take advantage of it to … on the other hand, we should be aware that if …

however, i am convinced that as long as we take a sensible attitude towards this issue, we will

certainly be able to …(134 words)

【社会负面现象】

para.1: 引出话题(今昔对照;数据引用)para.2: 分析原因(至少2点)para.3: 指出危害

para.4: 预测趋势;解决措施(三元法;胡萝卜加大棒)currently a phenomenon is causing wide concern in society: … while a decade ago … used to, now … according to a recent survey, …

it is significant to explore the reasons for this one thing, … for another, … last but not least, …

it should be pointed out that this phenomenon /increase in … may create some problems with …/ may pose threats to.../ may badly affect …

it can be predicted that the trend will last over the years to come if nothing is to be done about my opinion, it is high time something was done to cope with the part of individuals, they should be aware that … then,(the second party)should … most importantly, society should … only in this way, can we

ensure that...(131 words)(it can be predicted that the trend will last over the years to come if nothing is to be done about my opinion, it is high time something was done to cope with the first place, laws should be made and reinforced to punish those who …, more importantly, education should be undertaken to enhance people’s awareness of …

only in this way, can we ensure that...二. 观点模式

para.1: 引出话题(二种对立观点)

para.2: 表明态度:赞成或反对(先抑后扬法)para.3: 得出结论:利大于弊或弊大于利+个人建议(currently a phenomenon is causing wide concern in society: …)

currently there exists a debate over whether we should … some people argue that … others, however, insist that … obviously, opinions vary widely among the general i see it/ personally, i am in favor of the former /latter is true that … however, it should be pointed out that … what’s more, …

from the above analysis, it can be concluded that the disadvantages of … outweigh the ore, i strongly suggest that … i am convinced that as long as we take a sensible attitude towards this issue, we will certainly be able to …(112 words)

三. 图表模式

para.1: 简要表述图表,得出主旨 para.2: 分析原因(至少2点)para.3: 指出后果或危害 para.4: 预测趋势;个人见解

as can be seen from this chart, in(beginning)… however, the figure … the message conveyed by this chart is self-evident: … 【社会中性现象】

it is significant to explore the reasons for this one thing, … for another, … last but not least, …

undoubtedly/obviously, this phenomenon / the increase in … makes impacts on people’s everyday lives and work.…

it can be predicted that the trend will last over the years to my opinion, we should have a down-to-earth approach to one hand, we can take advantage of it to … on the other hand, we should be aware that if …

however, i am convinced that as long as we take a sensible attitude towards this issue, we will certainly be able to …

【社会负面现象】

it is significant to explore the reasons for this one thing, … for another, … last but not least, …

it should be pointed out that this phenomenon /increase in … may create some problems with …/ may pose threats to.../ may badly affect …

it can be predicted that the trend will last over the years to come if nothing is to be done about my opinion, it is high time something was done to cope with the part of individuals, they should be aware that … then,(the second party)should … most importantly, society should … only in this way can we ensure that...(131 words)(it can be predicted that the trend will last over the

years to come if nothing is to be done about my opinion, it is high time something was done to cope with the first place, laws should be made and reinforced to punish those who …, more importantly, education should be undertaken to enhance people’s awareness of …

only in this way, can we ensure that...【drill】

more white-collar, urban workers are reportedly quitting their jobs and moving out of the city to enjoy a more relaxed work and life is in contrast to the rapid influx of thousands of migrant workers and better educated youth into major chinese do you see this phenomenon? do the young urbanites fleeing the city mean a new form of social progress? yes: people are needed to move out to maintain a balance of city is because the mass migration to the city can’t be this trend continues, urban populations could get out of control and life would just get -city life could mean more flexible employment and better living conditions such as less polluted environment, fewer traffic congestions, and so a word, small-city life could mean more opportunities and a step : out of major cities is not a positive approach because it means these young people can’t tolerate

pressure and are running away, so it doesn’t represent social knows? most likely the small-city life could just turn out to be more tics tell us that those fleeing big cities are still in the minority, so it doesn’t constitute a social young people are still looking for success in their career in large cities because it is large cities that can offer more available opportunities.话题词汇 灾难(disaster)catastrophe大灾难,hazard危险, earthquake地震, epidemics流行病, flood洪水, drought干旱, plague瘟疫, famine饥荒, infection感染, infectious, hurricane飓风, landslide/mud-rock flow泥石流, spillage石油泄漏, storm风暴, typhoon台风, crash坠机, wreck船只失事, poisoning中毒, collapse倒塌, desertification 沙漠化

casualty/toll伤亡率, claim …lives夺取生命, perish死亡, under the threat of受到威胁, the departed死者, refuge避难, aid援助, donate捐献, precaution预防措施 ,panic恐慌,犯罪(commit crimes)juvenile少年的, criminal犯罪的;刑法的, civil民法的, abuse滥用;孽待, illegal非法的, assassination暗杀, assault攻击, bribe行贿, bribery贿赂, deceit欺骗, disguise伪装, fabricate捏造, fake假冒的;赝品, imitation模仿;赝品, fraud欺诈;骗子, bully欺负, motive动机, conspiracy密谋, kidnap绑架, hijack劫机, hostage人质, persecute迫害, pirate盗版, piracy, treason(叛国), violate违反, violation违章;违法, pistol手枪, rifle步枪, trigger扳机;引发, theft偷窃, pickpocket小偷, shoplifting商店行窃, burglary入门抢劫, robbery抢劫, mugging拦路抢劫, forgery伪造, smuggling走私, murder谋杀, rape强奸, justice司法;正义, enforce执行, sentence判刑, lawsuit官司, case案子, imprisonment坐牢,riot骚乱, victim受害者, scandal丑闻, affair恋情, offense违法, plead请求, plea(抗辩), appropriate, slum贫民窟, penalty处罚, prejudice偏见, discrimination歧视, injustice

经济贸易词汇

commodity商品, merchandise商品,monetary金融的, entity实体, entrepreneur企业家, gross, domestic国内的, crisis危机, fluctuate波动, stereotype成见, slide下滑, plunge下跌, slack萧条, depression萧条, revive复苏, revival, recovery复苏, thrive繁荣, prosperity繁荣, stability稳定, instability不稳定, bankrupt破产stimulus刺激, boom增长, soar飞速上升, quota配额;报价, revenue财政收入, bond债券, stock证券, bull牛市, bear熊市, dividend红利, security证券, surplus盈余, curb控制, circulation流通, strategy策略, budget预算, deficit赤字, phase阶段, property财产, asset资产, expenditure开支, impetus刺激, management资方, labor劳方;工会, speculation投机, venture风险;合资企业, regulation规章, subsidy补贴, transaction交易, corporate企业的, commission佣金, turnover人事变动;营业额, patent专利, commercial商业的;电视广告, trademark商标, slogan口号, warranty保修, specification规格, refund退款, replacement换货, compensation赔偿, installment分期付款, inventory清单;库存, lease租赁, mature成熟的, , barrier壁垒, withdrawal取款;退出, tariff关税, monopoly垄断, mortgage抵押, appraisal评估, auction拍卖, adversary对手, rival对手, register注册,redundant下岗, dominate主宰, dominant垄断的, distribution分销, premium保险费;佣金,科学技术 政治社会

银行不良率定义 篇3

银行不良出表三大模式解析

目前,商业银行探索不良“出表”,主要形成了三种模式,分别是通道模式,分级持有模式和卖断反委托模式。

银监会统计,截至2015年末,商业银行不良贷款率达1.67%,不良贷款余额为1.27万亿元。另外,关注类贷款占比3.79%,超不良贷款两倍。

显然,银行化解不良贷款,依然任重而道远。

经调查发现,目前,商业银行探索不良“出表”,主要形成了三种模式,分别是通道模式,分级持有模式和卖断反委托模式。

不过,前两种模式不同程度涉及“假出表”,只是为了规避资产风险计提和资本充足率的监管,将不良资产名义上腾挪表外,而实际上通过各种形式担保,将不良资产的处置风险和收益留在银行体系内。

然而,4月28日,银监会下发《关于规范银行业金融机构信贷资产收益权转让业务的通知》(银监发〔2016〕82号),规定在转让信贷资产收益 权时,作为出让方的银行应根据《商业银行资本管理办法(试行)》,按照原信贷资产全额计提资本。这无疑将在很大程度上阻断银行不良“假出表”。

通道+分级持有,银行手握定价权

根据多家银行机构人士反馈,在银行不良资产出表中,最基础的模式应属通道模式。

通道模式操作手法为,银行首先将不良贷款组包转让给amc(资产管理公司),amc向银行支付收购款。同时,银行将理财资金认购一个和转让规模 相匹配的资管计划。amc将资产包收益权转让给资管计划,并由资管计划支付收益权转让对价。接着,amc将资产包委托处置权和管理权授权给银行和amc的 合资公司(一般为基金子公司形式),合资公司再委托银行分行对资产包进行清收处置。回收资金定期归集划转至资管计划专户,并根据合同支付理财本金和收益。

另一种不良资产出表模式是分级持有模式,即在通道模式的基础上,设立分级结构化资管计划,由银行理财认购优先级,amc认购中间级,银行和amc共同认购劣后级。

据了解,某国有大行对劣后级的预期回报率不超过15%。以该银行为例,就支付劣后级本金和目标收益之后超出部分,40%由劣后级持有人平均分配,60%用于奖励处置分支行。

在上述两种模式中,都可能涉及到银行对不良贷款包的回购,具体形式有提供流动性支持、收益互换、提前赎回、差额补足等。在具体操作中,也有合资公司承担兜底功能。

经调查发现,一般来说,在通道模式和分级持有模式中,银行作为主导方,拥有资产包定价权,amc更多扮演通道角色。amc收 取的管理费一般不超过资产包本金的千分之八,合资公司收费不超过千分之四。银行分行因受委托进行处置回收,手续费可达回收金额的4%。

amc主导卖断反委托,处置分行承担责任

卖断反委托模式和上述两种模式的最大不同,就在于卖断不再涉及回购,在具体交易结构中,不再嵌有资管计划。

其具体模式为,amc从银行买断不良资产包后,将处置权委托给银行分行(若实施债务重组、以资抵债和债务见面则需要amc同意),将处置管理权授权合资公司,并由合资公司监督管理资产包处置进展。回收资金定期划归amc。

以前述某银行为例,其对amc的目标收益设置在10%。超额收益部分,amc和银行分行或按3:7进行再分配,或再根据具体情况协商。

在卖断反委托模式中,一般是因为双方价值判断上存在一定差异,amc主动性更高,在定价上也更有话语权。同时,合资公司收取的服务费相对更低,可能不超过资产包本金的千分之二。

其实,上述三种模式中,对于资产的具体处置,最终都委托到了银行。因此,对于分行回收的考核,就显得非常实际。

以前述某行为例,在委托处置期间,除了已核销的不良资产,全部定价金额的100%视为表内不良贷款,按年根据处置回收力度减少考核金额。

对于未完成预定处置目标的分行,则按照“谁家孩子谁抱”的原则,承担总行参与资管计划的投资损失,并按照实际和预期收回的差额等额核减当年拨备后利润(超额完成也超额等额增加报备后利润)。

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