初中英语有许多的语法,掌握了对写作阅读有大帮助小编在这里整理了五种供大家阅读,快来学习学习吧!
初中英语五种语法知识点总结
一.名词
I.名词的种类:
专有名词 | 普通名词 | |||
国名.地名.人名, 团体.机构名称 | 可数名词 | 不可数名词 | ||
个体名词 | 集体名词 | 抽象名词 | 物质名词 | |
II. 名词的数:
1. 规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
规则 | 例词 | ||
1 | 一般情况在词尾加-s | map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days | |
2 | 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es | class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes | |
3 | 以-f或-fe结尾的词 | 变-f和-fe为v再加-es | leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
加-s | belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs | ||
4 | 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es | party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities | |
5 | 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s | toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys | |
6 | 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 | 一般加-es | hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
不少外来词加-s | piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos | ||
两者皆可 | zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos | ||
7 | 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s | radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos | |
8 | 以-th结尾的名词加-s | truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, |
2. 不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则 | 例词 | ||
1 | 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 | man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice | |
2 | 单复数相同 | sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, | |
3 | 只有复数形式 | ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents | |
4 | 一些集体名词总是用作复数 | people, police, cattle, staff | |
5 | 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) | audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party | |
6 | 复数形式表示特别含义 | customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) | |
7 | 表示“某国人” | 加-s | Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
单复数同形 | Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese | ||
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women | Englishmen, Frenchwomen | ||
8 | 合成名词 | 将主体名词变为复数 | sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 | grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches | ||
将两部分变为复数 | women singers, men servants |
III. 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s | the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, | |
复数名词 | 一般在末尾加’ | the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
不规则复数名词后加’s | the children’s toys, women’s rights, | |
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ | Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house | |
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s | ||
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s | ||
表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 | the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s |
2. ’s所有格的用法:
1 | 表示时间 | today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
2 | 表示自然现象 | the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
3 | 表示国家城市等地方的名词 | the country’s plan, the world’s population, |
4 | 表示工作群体 | the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
5 | 表示度量衡及价值 | a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
6 | 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 | the life’s time, the play’s plot |
7 | 某些固定词组 | a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法:
1 | 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of | A plane is a machine that can fly. |
2 | 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 | A boy is waiting for you. |
3 | 表示“每一”相当于every,one | We study eight hours a day. |
4 | 表示“相同”相当于the same | We are nearly of an age. |
5 | 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 | A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
6 | 用于固定词组中 | A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time |
7 | 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 | This room is rather a big one. |
8 | 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 | She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
II. 定冠词的用法:
1 | 表示某一类人或物 | The horse is a useful animal. |
2 | 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 | the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean |
3 | 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 | Would you mind opening the door? |
4 | 用于乐器前面 | play the violin, play the guitar |
5 | 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 | the reach, the living, the wounded |
6 | 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” | the Greens, the Wangs |
7 | 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 | He is the taller of the two children. |
8 | 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 | the |
9 | 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 | The compass was invented in |
10 | 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 | in the 1990’s |
11 | 用于表示单位的名词前 | I hired the car by the hour. |
12 | 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 | He patted me on the shoulder. |
III. 零冠词的用法:
1 | 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 | Beijing University, Jack, |
2 | 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 | I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? |
3 | 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 | March, Sunday, National Day, spring |
4 | 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 | Lincoln was made President of America. |
5 | 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 | He likes playing football/chess. |
6 | 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 | by train, by air, by land |
7 | 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 | husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night |
8 | 表示泛指的复数名词前 | Horses are useful animals. |
三.代词:
I.代词可以分为以下七大类:
1 | 人称代词 | 主格 | I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
宾格 | me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them | ||
2 | 物主代词 | 形容词性 | my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
名词性 | mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs | ||
3 | 反身代词 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | |
4 | 指示代词 | this, that, these, those, such, some | |
5 | 疑问代词 | who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever | |
6 | 关系代词 | that, which, who, whom, whose, as | |
7 | 不定代词 | one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, | |
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either |
II. 不定代词用法注意点:
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me somemoney?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Doyou feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has adictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us hasstrong and weak points.
3. none和no:
no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:theother day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed theexam.
2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / someothers.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all ofthe books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.
四.形容词和副词
I.形容词:
1. 形容词的位置:
1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
1 | 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 | nobody absent, everything possible |
2 | 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 | the best book available, the only solution possible |
3 | alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 | the only person awake |
4 | 和空间、时间、单位连用时 | a bridge 50 meters long |
5 | 成对的形容词可以后置 | a huge room simple and beautiful |
6 | 形容词短语一般后置 | a man difficult to get on with |
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
代词 | 数词 | 性状形容词 | ||||||||
冠词前的形容词 | 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 | 序数词 | 基数词 | 性质 状态 | 大小 长短 形状 | 新旧 温度 | 颜色 | 国籍 产地 | 材料 质地 | 名词 |
all both such | the a this another your | second next | one four | beautiful good poor | large short square | new cool | black yellow | Chinese London | silk stone |
3) 复合形容词的构成:
1 | 形容词+名词+ed | kind-hearted | 6 | 名词+形容词 | world-famous |
2 | 形容词+形容词 | dark-blue | 7 | 名词+现在分词 | peace-loving |
3 | 形容词+现在分词 | ordinary-looking | 8 | 名词+过去分词 | snow-covered |
4 | 副词+现在分词 | hard-working | 9 | 数词+名词+ed | three-egged |
5 | 副词+过去分词 | newly-built | 10 | 数词+名词 | twenty-year |
II. 副词
副词的分类:
1 | 时间副词 | soon, now, early, finally, once, recently | 5 | 频度副词 | always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
2 | 地点副词 | here, nearby, outside, upwards, above | 6 | 疑问副词 | how, where, when, why |
3 | 方式副词 | hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really | 7 | 连接副词 | how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
4 | 程度副词 | almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather | 8 | 关系副词 | when, where, why |
III. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I amnot so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, alittle, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a moreworrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is fourtimes as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent, extreme, perfect。
五.介词
I.介词分类:
1 | 简单介词 | about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on |
2 | 合成介词 | inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without |
3 | 短语介词 | according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to |
4 | 双重介词 | from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between |
5 | 分词转化成的介词 | considering(就而论), including |
6 | 形容词转化成的介词 | like, unlike, near, next, opposite |
II. 常用介词区别:
1 | 表示时间的in, on, at | at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关 |
2 | 表示时间的since, from | since指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始 |
3 | 表示时间的in, after | in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 |
4 | 表示地理位置的in, on, to | in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外 |
5 | 表示“在…上”的on, in | on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分 |
6 | 表示“穿过”的through, across | through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关 |
7 | 表示“关于”的about, on | about指涉及到,on指专门论述 |
8 | between与among的区别 | between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间 |
9 | besides与except的区别 | besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首 |
10 | 表示“用”的in, with | with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音 |
11 | as与like的区别 | as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似 |
12 | in与into区别 | in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置 |
分类词汇记忆
疾病与伤痛
accident | 事故,意外的事 |
ache | 疼痛 |
blind | 失明 |
burn | 烧伤火、热或酸所造成的伤害或伤痕 |
cancer | 癌症 |
cold | 伤风;感冒 |
cough | 咳嗽 |
cut | 剪;切;割 |
disease | 疾病 |
fever | 发烧;发热 |
flu | 流感 |
headache | 头痛 |
illness | 疾病;生病;不健康 |
problem | 问题,难题 |
toothache | 牙疼 |
trouble | 问题,疾病;烦恼,麻烦 |
wound | 伤,伤害 |
感觉与情感
ache | 疼痛 |
attention | 注意,关心 |
care | 照料,保护,小心 |
cheer | 欢呼;喝彩 |
cheat | 骗取,哄骗,作弊 |
cry | 喊叫;哭 |
doubt | 怀疑;疑惑 |
emotion | 感情,情感 |
excuse | 原谅;宽恕 |
favorite | 最受喜爱的(东西) |
fear | 恐惧,害怕 |
feeling | 感觉,知觉,触觉 |
fun | 快乐;有趣的,令人愉快的 |
greeting | 祝贺 |
hate | 恨;讨厌 |
hobby | 嗜好,兴趣 |
interest | 兴趣,爱好 |
joy | 欢乐,高兴,乐趣 |
laugh | 笑;大笑;嘲笑 |
love | 爱;热爱;很喜欢 |
pardon | 原谅,宽恕 |
peace | 和平;安宁;静寂 |
pity | 怜悯;同情 |
pleasure | 愉快;快乐;高兴 |
praise | 赞扬,表扬 |
pride | 自豪,骄傲 |
regard | 关心,注意,致意,问候,尊敬 |
respect | 尊敬,尊重 |
regret | 可惜,遗憾;痛惜;哀悼 |
shame | 羞愧,惭愧 |
silence | 寂静;沉默 |
sense | 感觉,判断力 |
smell | 气味;嗅觉 |
smile | 微笑 |
surprise | 使吃惊;景气;令人意想不到的事情 |
sweet | 甜蜜 |
taste | 尝;品尝;品味 |
thank | 感谢;谢意 |
touch | 碰,触摸 |
wish | 愿望;祝愿 |
wonder | 惊讶,惊叹;奇迹 |
worry | 烦恼;担忧;发怒;困扰 |
victory | 胜利 |
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