英文专业毕业论文优秀7篇

英语教学的主要目标是激发学生对英语的浓厚兴趣和敏感性,本文是可爱的编辑给家人们整理的英文专业毕业论文优秀7篇。

英语毕业论文 篇1

关键词:隐形;诗学;意识形态;赞助人;翻译文学;关系

Abstract:Theauthor’sinvisibility,ortheunfaithfulnessoftranslatedliterature,hasalwaysbeenacontroversialtopicintranslationstudiesinChina.Whyisthetranslatordissatisfiedwiththe“formalequivalence”betweenwordsfromdifferentcultures?Underwhatcircumstanceswilltheauthorofthesourcetextbeinvisible?Whatistherelationshipbetweentheauthor’sinvisibilityandthetranslator’svisibility?Fromaculturalperspective,howdoesthenotionofinvisibilityaffectthedevelopmentoftranslationstudiesandthepursuitoftranslationcriticism?TheauthorattemptstofindanswerstothesequestionsbyemployingatheoreticalframeworkbasedonAndreLefevere’sviewsontheinfluenceofpoetics,ideologyandpatronageontheproductionontheproductionoftranslation.

Keywords:author’sinvisibility;poetics;ideology;patronage;translatedliterature;relationship

在翻译文学的创作过程中,译者在处理原作时,由于不同的策略取向,会导致原作不同程度的变形,译作不同程度的失真,笔者将这种翻译文学中的变形现象称为“原作之隐形”。

“原作之隐形”,换言之即“译作之不忠”,这一现象一直困扰着翻译界。在翻译过程中译者为何不“依样画葫”?原作会在何种情况下隐身于译作之后?原作的隐形与译者地位、翻译学科建设和翻译评论之间究竟有何因缘?这是一个值得译界深入探讨的课题。在本文中,作者试图从勒菲弗尔的“三要素”理论入手,对此现象作一文化透视。

理论依据

安德烈·勒菲弗尔(AndréLefevere)是文化学派的典型代表。他在《翻译、重写以及对文学名声的操纵》一书中阐述了关于翻译的“三要素”理论。勒菲弗尔认为,翻译是对原文的重写。翻译不能真实地反映原作的面貌,主要因为它始终都受到三种因素的操纵:诗学观(poetics)、译者或当代的政治意识形态(ideology)和赞助人(patronage)。翻译文学作品要树立何种形象,译者的观点取向和翻译策略都与意识形态和当时的译语环境中占主流地位的诗学观紧密相关。而赞助人,包括政党、阶级、宫廷、宗教组织、出版社和大众传播机构等等,都无时无刻不在操纵着翻译活动的全过程(Lefevere,1992a)。

勒菲弗尔的“三要素”论对长期以来为翻译“对等”的樊篱所缚的翻译界无疑带来了一股新鲜空气,它为研究各种翻译现象提供了新的文化参照系。那么,它对于“原作之隐形”现象又具有怎样的解释力呢?让我们来看一看种种隐形情绪背后所蕴藏的禅机,或许能够发现异样的谜底。

隐形情结和因缘种种

一、隐形与诗学

诗学,根据勒菲弗尔的定义,包括两个方面:第一是指文学技巧、文类、主题、人物、环境和象征,另一方面是指文学的社会角色。前者构成文学的功能,而后者则主宰着文学作品的影响程度(Lefevere,1992a:26)。

在翻译中,由于译者心目中的意向读者和服务对象来自译语系统,译者本身又浸染于译语系统文化当中,译语系统的主流文学形式和当时社会流行的文学观在这种“作用”下发生变形。这种变形首先是译作对原作的语言,特别是语法结构、逻辑形式、文体风格等方面的改变。

语言上的隐形可以发生在各种各样的语篇当中,即使是权威的经书典籍比如《圣经》和赫胥黎的《天演论》这样的作品,也会由于诗学观的影响在译者的诠释和解构中发生变化。例如,路德(MartinLuther)在以德文译《圣经》时就经常添加一些表示“转折”的连词,比如“Allien(但是)”。这是因为,虽然拉丁希腊文中无此原文,但德语的语法结构却要求他作这样的改变(蒋百里,1921)。而对于严复是如何配合他的“用心”郑重地选用了当时流行于士大夫之中的桐城派古体,又是如何根据汉语的习惯将《天演论》进行“化整为零”的拆变,则早已成为译坛百年之佳话。

语言的隐形不仅受到社会主流文学观的影响,有时还为译者本人的文学观和审美意识所操纵。这种隐形在诗歌和戏剧翻译中尤为明显。例如:对于拜伦的《希腊岛》(TheIslesofGreece),不同的译家便采用了不同的文体。以第一句为例:

TheislesofGreece,theislesofGreece!

Whereburningsappholovedandsung,…

梁启超译文:(沉醉西风)咳!希腊啊!希腊啊!你本是和平时代的爱娇,你本是战争时代的天骄!……

马君武译文:希腊岛,希腊岛,诗人沙孚安在哉?爱国之诗传最早。……

苏曼殊译文:巍巍希腊都,生长奢浮好。情文可斐斐,茶辐思灵保。……

胡适译文:嗟汝希腊之群岛兮,实文教武术之所肇始。

诗媛沙浮尝泳歌于斯兮,亦羲和、素娥之故里。……

(谢天振,2000:146-147)

对于拜伦这首著名的诗篇,同一个国家的译者,为什么样会有这些不同的处理方式呢?一方面译者要借诗明志;另一方面,更由于各自的文学观和审美意识不尽相同。梁启超要用他的元曲全来宣扬政见,马君武则采用七言古诗来哀叹民族的命运,苏曼殊取五言诗体来抒发个人情怀,而胡适则要用离骚体来进行语言文化比较(杜争鸣,2000:48)。他们都有以自己的文学观从不同的欣赏角度给译作涂上了浓烈的个人色彩,重塑了拜伦诗中的艺术形象和不同的拜伦形象。

文体方面的变形不仅将原文结构或文体隐身于译作之后,同时还可以导致风格的变形。风格上的隐形,可以发生在语言的各个层面,有时甚至是一个词的添减便改变了整个面貌。如:

ItwaseventwylightwhenheentredthecittieofAntium,andmanypeoplemethiminthestreets,butnomanknewhim.SohewentdirectlytoTullusAufidiushouse,andwhenhecamethither,hegothimupstraighttothechimneyharthe,andsathimdowne,andspakenotawordetoanyman,hisfaceallmuffledover.Theyofthehousespyinghim,wonderedwhatheshouldbe,andyettheydurstnotbydhimrise.For,ill-favoredlymuffledupanddisguisedashewas,yetthereappearedacertainemajestieinhiscountenance,andinhissilence:WhereupontheywenttoTulluswhowasatsupper,totellhimofthestraungedisguisingofthisman.(十六世纪英语)(王克非,2000:292)

这是英国十六世纪文艺复兴时期的散文译家诺斯(ThomasNorth)从阿米欧的法文转达译普鲁塔克的《希腊罗马贵人传略》中写柯里奥兰纳斯一书的开场白。风格既无阿米欧的古典,也不像原作者普鲁塔克,而是一段颇具诺斯色彩的生动活泼、充满戏剧色彩的新篇。其中,“Theyofthehousespyinghim”中spying是诺斯为原作所加的颇为戏剧化的一笔,而文中新增的副词ill-favoredly亦使整段译文更富神秘色彩。

如果说,语言结构和文体风格上的变形只是不同程度地碰破原作的“形”与“壳”,那么,译语文化与原语文化的错位则会或多或少地触及原作的“灵”与“肉”。

二、隐形与意识形态

意识形态,指的是社会的、政治的思想观念或世界观。它可以是社会的、上层的,也可以是个人的(Lefevere,1992b)。

意识形态使用于翻译过程时,造成原作的文化在译作中的隐形。“翻译为文学作品树立何种形象,很大程度上取决于译者的意识形态;这种意识形态可以是译者本身认同的,也可以是赞助人强加给他的”(Lefevere,1992a:41;陈、张,2000:177)。因此,在不同的意识形态的支配下,原作中带有民族文化特性的东西就有可能褪色、变形乃至消失。

比如,傅东华在翻译玛格丽特·米歇尔的《飘》时,为了让译文符合中国读者的文化意识,有意将男、女主人公RedButler和Scalet译成了颇具中国色彩的“白瑞德”和“赫思佳”。傅东华是“不必字真句确地译”(谢天振,2000:148)的拥护者,他从译语文化出发,将原语的姓氏文化隐形,从而把读者引入他所营造的文学氛围。

又如,苏曼殊在译雨果(VictorHugo)的《悲惨世界》时,为了呼应当时提倡西方“科学”、“民主”和“打倒孔家店”、推翻封建制的主流意识形态,特意杜撰了一段故事,并增加了原作中不曾出现的人物男德,同时借男德之口,吐出了一段批判孔子的话(王宏专,1999:40)。

文化隐形的现象在有关伦理道德的小说中表现更为明显。在20世纪初蟠溪子所译的《迦因小传》中迦因未婚先孕的一节即被译者删除(陈、夏,1997),因为当时中国社会的伦理道德不允许女子越雷池半步。《查太莱夫人的情人》节译本中有关描写的许多场面都被删减(成、周,1998),因为当代社会虽然开放了许多,但其主流意识形态仍不鼓励性开放。而针对古希腊剧作家阿里斯托芬(Aristophanes)的名剧《吕西斯忒拉忒》(Lysistrata)中的台词,不同的译者所作的不同处理足以让我们对异国情调刮目相看。

在Lysistrata这幕剧剧终时,女主人公在请由裸体美女扮演的“和平(Peace)”把斯巴达的和平使者带来时说了一句台词:“Enmedidotencheira,tessathesage.”直译:Ifhedoesn’tgivehishand,takehimbythePenis.对于这句台词,不同的译者的处理方式是:

①Ifanydonotgivehishand,leadhimbythenose(ByWilliamJ.Hickie1902).

②Iftheydon’tgiveahand,alegwilldo.(ByA.S.Way1934)

③Ifhandsarerefused,conductthembythehandle.(ByDouglassParker1964)

④Butiftheywon’tgiveyoutheirhands,takethemandtowthempolitely,bytheir…life-lines.(ByPatrickDickenson1970)

⑤Takethembythehand,women/orbyanythingelseiftheyseemunwilling.(ByDudleyFitts1954)(Lefevere,1992a:41-42)

显然,不同时代不同国家的译者对penis这个词作了不同的诠释和意象转移。为什么其中的差异如此之大?主要的原因还在于意识形态的影响。译者要为某一套意识形态服务,就会配合这一意识形态树立某种形象。当原作的文化意象与译者的社会文化意识不相符或不相容时,译者便会根据他要服务的译语社会的意识形态可以接受的形象作隐形的移植。

三、隐形与赞助人

赞助人(Patronage)在勒菲弗尔的“三要素”理论中被视作最为重要的因素。作为“任何可能有助于文学作品的产生和传播,同时又可能妨碍、禁制、毁灭文学作品的力量”(陈、张,2000:176),赞助人主要控制作品的意识形态、出版、经济收入和社会地位,它可以是诸如宗教集团、阶级、政府部门、出版社、大众传媒机构,也可以是个人势力(Lefevere,1992a:17)。对于翻译活动的走向、翻译文学的兴衰,译者的地位乃至生命,赞助人都起着至关重要的作用。这种作用,在原

语言结构或

作的“二度隐形”中表现尤为突出。

二度隐形使原作发生“二度隐形”的译品,大多是通过某一媒介转述或通过已有的译本转译、改编而来。因为原述者或原译本在第一次翻译时已一度变形,在这种基础上再创造的译本难免遭至二度变形。二度变形的译本导致了原作二度隐形。在这方面,林纾是当之无愧的译林高手。林纾不懂外文,他的译品主要建立在助手的转述和自我加工、改译的基础上(钱钟书,1981)。他还不顾原作的内容和形式,把莎士比亚的剧本《亨利四世》、《凯撒》和易卜生的剧本《群鬼》等都译成小说(冯至,1959)。与林纾同行的日本明治中期的高产译者黑岩泪香对侦探小说的改写度更是比林杼有过之而无不及:“他读了许多英文侦探小说后,有趣的故事情节尚在脑中,”然后坐在他自己创办的《万朝报》编辑室里,“不看原书,信笔译去,创所谓通俗易懂的‘泪香风格’”(王克非,2000:324)!而三、四十年代由田汉、夏衍改编的托尔斯泰的名作《复活》在南京公演时不但抹去了《马太福音》,而且还有意让原作中的波兰革命者唱起了抗日救国的战歌(黄,2000;谢,2000)!这些作品虽然经过了二度变形,但其不断增长的出版数量足以证明“林译小说”和“泪香风格”都在各自的国度获得了成长的土壤:林纾以180余众的高产位列众多译家之首,而黑岩泪香也以130余本入居高产译者之列。田汉、夏衍的《复活》更是在民众之中引起巨大的轰动。

那么,是什么原因使这些让原作“隐”了“形”甚至还带有各种错误的译本在读者或观众中具有广阔的市场呢?从文化历史发展的角度来看,当时的社会环境呼唤新的文学形式,但更重要的,还来自于当时的文学赞助人的广泛支持和扶植。在林纾的时代,资产阶级改良主义思潮迅速兴起,大批康有为、梁启超们致力于翻译以政治小说为主的各类文学作品来达到改良政治的目的(王宏志,2000)。林纾的译作如《巴黎茶花女遗事》、《黑奴吁天录》等正是顺应这股潮流而生的,理所当然受时上层改良家们的支持。“译才并世数严、林,百部虞初救世心。……”康有为的这首诗,是对林纾最好的肯定和宣传。而黑岩泪香所处的日本明治中期,亦属于“民智未开”的社会,侦探小说的这种崭新的文学形式自然吸引了广泛的读者。更何况,黑岩泪香本身就是舆论工具的控制者,他的译作大多就是在他自己创办的《万朝报》上连载(王克非,2000:324)。而田汉、夏衍将《复活》改编并成功地搬上舞台,都离不开当时正在走向胜利的“红色”力量的扶助和领导。由此可见,作为赞助人的政治权威、文化权威和新闻出版机构在隐形的文本流通过程中所扮演的角色确是举足轻重。

隐形与共识

从勒菲弗尔的“三要素”论和大量的史料来看,翻译文学创作过程中的原作之隐形现象是社会、文化、意识形态乃至权力操纵的必然结果(Hermans,1996:26)。翻译不是单纯的文字转换,而是两套不同文化系统的相遇和冲击(Toury,1978:89)。原语文化系统和译语文化系统无论在语言意识形态还是在权力关系等各层面上都有各自独特的“规范(norms)”。译者面对不同的文化系统和不同的“规范”,必须作出适当的取舍。如果以原语文化为主导,不对原著做适当的“修枝剪叶”,译文便会最大限度地保留原著面目,而迫使译语文化让步,结果是译文“晦涩难解”(鲁迅,1981:151-153),很难进入译语文化系统。试想一下,有哪能一本“逐字翻译”的作品真正流传于世呢?相反,译者也可能将原著文化或“规范”彻底推翻,但这已超越了“翻译”的界定范围。比较合理的选择常常是处于两个极端之间的某一位置,即,译者会浓度既牺牲原语文化的某些“规范”也打破译语文化的某些“规范”(Toury,1978:88-89),其终极产品会因为不同的偏向而烙上“异化(foreignization)”或“归化(domestication)”的色彩。而译者为满足译语文化读者的文化意识和审美取向,同时由于译者本身又受译语文化的种种制约,更多的时候是以牺牲原语文化为代价,让原作隐形于译作之后,而这种隐形的具体表现形式,正是勒菲弗尔所说的诗学、意识形态和赞助人,它们在翻译文学的创作过程中控制着原作的隐形程度。

隐形不仅是文化交流的必然产物,也是翻译理论研究的新的增长点。勒菲弗尔以他的“三要素”论,把翻译中的隐形现象置于历史文化的大范围中进行审视,把一向不愿为“奴”而又诚惶诚恐于“以忠实为天职”的译者从困惑中解放出来,使我们从一个全新的角度来重新审视翻译与原作的关系,重新认识作为译者的影响和作用。传统译论把翻译视作原著的复制品,因而翻译在地位上屈从于原著,翻译研究也以“原著为中心(source-textoriented)”,对原著任何的隐形都被视如“叛逆”或“不忠”。而在勒菲弗尔看来,译者能不能译出与原文相近的译文已不重要,重要的是“译者在翻译过程中必然故意对原文进行改写,根本不存在要和原文对比”(王宏志,1999:17)。换句话说,即,对原作的隐形是译者根据翻译目的对原作进选择文化解构。勒菲弗尔的这一理论对“原著中心论”提出了原则性的质疑,确定了翻译研究以“译语为中心(target-textoriented)”的理论基础。在这一点上,勒菲弗尔并不是孤独的施行者。纵观世界翻译史和翻译理论研究史,与勒菲弗尔牵手的人比比皆是:埃文—佐哈尔(ItamarEven-Zohar)的“多元系统论”(Polysystem),图里(GideonToury)的“规范”(Norms)论,斯内尔—霍恩比(MarySnell-Horn-by)的“格式塔”(Gestalt),弗美尔(HansJ.Vermeer)的“目的论”(Skopostheory),都在不同程度上否定原文至上的观念,勒菲弗尔在英国的同伴巴斯内特(SusanBassnett)更是赞同“翻译有如‘吸血’”,译者应对原作“粗暴地妇占(womanhandle)”(陈、张,2000:186)!而解构学派则坚信只有将原来的“器皿”击成“碎片”,将原作“置之死地”才能重塑“后起的生命”!翻译不再是原作的复制品,翻译过程中的隐形也并非是对原作的“淹没”,而是原作的“再生”,是原作“生命延续”的阶段(theirstageofcontinuedlife)(Benjamin,1992:73)。看看庞德是如何让李白在美国复活,看看在中国早已死去的“寒山诗”是如何成了“垮掉的一代(theBeatGeneration)”的精神食粮,再想想英国的二流作家哈葛德是怎样在林纾的笔下家喻户晓,想想在挪威并非最突出剧作家易卜生是怎样在《新青年》上光芒四射的,翻译中的隐形对译者、读者和原作的意义不言而喻!那么,翻译家为什么还要甘于作“茧”?翻译家要提高自我价值,首先必须有勇气让自己“现身(Visible)”,让原作“隐形(invisible)”。“亦步亦趋”,是永不可能建立起“卓而不群”的学科体系的

隐形现象带给我们的另一个思索是如何看待译品评介的问题。传统的译评常常介于“空泛的赞赏”和“集中评错”之间(王宏志,1999:7)。而这种“错”,往往是由于隐形所导致的。挑“错”标准仍然以原著为参照。确实,从纯

粹的翻译技巧上看,如果我们认为只要不是“逐字”的翻译便是翻译的败笔的话,那么,严复的翻译确乎算不上成功,因为他在系列“醒世”译译作中将“俚鄙不经之事”皆“芟剃不言”①。但从严复深刻的“用心”、精湛的语言和百年不变的影响上来看,我们能说他的译品不是成功之作吗?翻译毕竟不是一种纯技巧活动,它是一种社会文化活动,翻译作品不可避免地要烙上文化的印记。因此,对译品的评介不应该只限于狭义的“忠”与“不忠”的范围,而应该置之于历史的、文化的广阔背景中加以讨论。在“信、达、雅”之外,译评家有更多的核心问题可以触碰和深入探索,比如说,由于隐形所产生的佳译或劣译的文化背景和社会效果,等等。

最后一点是对于“隐形”的态度问题。从翻译研究的“文化转向(culturalturn)”(Lefevere,1992b)和全球文化交流的趋势来看,我们完全有理由相信,隐形现象在未来的翻译文学中不仅不会销声匿迹,而且还将伴随“异化”现象的升温而继续与之分庭抗礼。随着人们知识水平的提高和社会环境的日益开放,对隐形现象的欣赏度也会越来越大。作为译者,在特定的诗学观、意识形态和赞助人的影响下对原作进行适度的隐形是完全必要的。作为学者,更有责任学会如何客观地分析历史事实和历史现象,没有必要把这种“隐形”视如“文化堕落”(孔慧怡,1999)而战战兢兢地敬而远之或面红耳赤地诛而伐之,更不能武断地要求译者“附庸”于原作,因为异域的文化在进入新的氛围的过程中经过一路“颠顿风尘”和“遭遇风险”,“不免有所遗失或受些损伤”(钱钟书,1981),它的终极形式不可能是纯粹的“之乎者也”,也不可能是纯粹的“YesorNo”(冯至,1959)。而作为原作者,也大可不必因为“译作的声音超过了原作”而抱屈,因为文学作品的生命正在于流传。原作通过译者在异域得以繁殖,虽然被涂上了新的色彩,但也被赋予了新的生命。从这个意义上来讲,作者该做的似乎不是怨天尤人,而是对译者满怀敬意。

注释

①此为吴汝纶在通信中与严复讨论翻译标准时对严复的鼓励之辞,转引自王克非编著《翻译文化史论》,p.51,上海外语教育出版社,1998。

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11.新体育课程与大学生社会支持能力的构建张凯飞,韩旭,ZHANGKai-fei,HANXu

12.关于国家奖助学金公平分配的思考陈发师,CHENFa-shi

13.论大学生素质教育与学习方法谭建立,TANJian-li

14.论思想政治教育与大学生个性培育孔佳,KONGJia

15.加强学科建设增强高校核心竞争力油晓峰,YOUXiao-feng

16.大学生物质责任心问卷的编制及调查赵兴奎,张大均,刘宗发,ZHAOXing-kui,ZHANGDa-jun,LIUZong-fa

17.我国博士生教育体制改革探讨巴红静,BAHong-jing

18.大学毕业生自愿不就业问题浅析郝玉柱,HAOYu-zhu

19.金融危机背景下大学生就业问题探讨郑淑蓉,ZHENGShu-rong

20.助学贷款逾期还贷的银行对策分析黄亚雄,贺正楚,HUANGYa-xiong,HEZheng-chu

21.煤炭企业应急管理研究祁迪,QIDi

1.政府教育投资对私人教育投资的引导效应分析——基于我国政府1978~2008年教育财政支出的实证研究孙敏,SUNMin

2.我国高校负债问题研究的反思与展望——基于138项科研成果的分析马焕灵,陈大兴,MAHuan-ling,CHENDa-xing

3.促进西部少数民族地区教育发展的政府责任文忠长,WENZhong-chang

4.我国高等教育强国建设面临的问题与战略取向于凤银,吕福军,YUFeng-yin,LVFu-jun

5.地区间农村小学教育均等化财政转移支付模型——基于财政能力和财政需求的视角刘亮,胡德仁,LIULiang,HUDe-ren

6.晋商诚信教育与信任倾向的实证考察张亚兰,张银龙,ZHANGYa-lan,ZHANGYin-long

7.通识教育的实践困境及路径选择侯铁虎,杨志勇,HOUTie-hu,YANGZhi-yong

8.建国以来教育管理学的学科建设和人才培养何华宇,HEHua-yu

9.会计本科生毕业实习存在的问题与对策吴秋生,杨瑞平,WUQiu-sheng,YANGRui-ping

10.开设会计案例教学专题的构想张皓,ZHANGHao

11.从市场营销的发展看宏观营销学的演进费鸿萍,王嘉慧,FEIHong-ping,WANGJia-hui

12.人力资源管理专业主干课程体系建设的思考陈俊梁,陈瑜,CHENJun-liang,CHENYu

13.口译课学生错误分析及口译教学定位李红宇,LIHong-yu

英语专业毕业论文 篇3

prynne----resurrection

athesis

submittedtothedepartmentofenglish

of--------------------university

inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements

forthedegreeof

bachelorofarts

by

----------------------------

class:3grade:2002

supervisedby

---------------------------

june2006

contents

chapterone:biographyofnathanie,全国公务员共同天地lhawthorne…………………………………...p1

chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter…………………………..p2

chapterthree:hesterprynne’sresurrection---fromsufferingandredemptiontosalvation

……………………………………………………………………………...p5

conclusion………………………………………………………………………….p10

references…………………………………………………………………………..p11

hesterprynne---resurrection

abstract:thescarletlettermakestheamericanwriternathanielhawthorneknownallaround

theworld.hawthorneisapiouschristian,andisdeeplyinfluencedbythetheology.he’s

somuchindulgedinthereligiousdoctrinethatpeoplecanfindthereflectionofthegod

almosteverywhereinhisworks.afterreadingthescarletletter,oneismostlyimpressedby

thespiritofthebiblethestorydepicted.thebookchieflydiscussessinandhowtoatone

forit.hesterprynneistheheroineofthefiction.thispaperresearchesherfateto

illustratetheinfluenceofthebibletohawthorne.hesterprynnecommitsadulteryandis

forcedtowearascarletletter“a”onherbreast.atthebeginning,sheencountersall

kindsofsufferings,bothfromthesocietyandfromherownsoul.however,sherealizesher

sinandtriesherbesttoatoneforit.andshedosenotchoosetoavoidherfault.finally,

throughherendeavor,godforgivesher.inshort,sinandatoningforsin,thatisthe

purposeofthispaper.

keywords:thescarletletter.,hesterprynne,thebible,sinandatonement.

如此沉迷于宗教的教义之中,人们几乎可以发现神在他的每部作品中无处不在。读完《红字》,给人印象

最深的莫过于故事描绘的《圣经》的精神。该书主要讨论了关于罪与赎罪的问题。海丝特白兰是小说的女

主人公。本文主要研究她的一生以说明《圣经》对霍桑的影响。海丝特白兰犯了通奸罪,并被迫在胸口上

带一个大写的红色字母“a”。一开始,她遭遇了各种各样的磨难,既有来自社会的也有来自她自己精神

上的。然而,她认识到了自己的罪行并尽最大努力去赎罪,并且她并没有选择逃避责罚。最后,通过她的

努力,神原谅了她。简言之,本文的主要目的就是罪行以及赎罪。

关键字:《红字》,海丝特白兰,《圣经》,罪行以及赎罪。

chapterone:biographyofnathanielhawthorne

withthepublicationofthescarletletterin1850,nathanielhawthornebecameoneofthe

greatestwriteratthattimeandbuilthisreputationasamajoramericanauthor.sincethat

timeon,peoplebegantotakegreatinterestinallaspectsofhislifeandagreatmany

biographicalandcriticalstudieshadbeenwrittenabouthimandhisworks.heisalso

becomingmoreandmorepopularandfamiliarwithchinesereaders.sincethechinese

translationofthescarletappearedin1950s,scholarsandreadersinthiscountryhave

shownanever-increasinginterestinhisworks.

hawthornewasbornonthefourthofjuly,1804insalem,massachusetts.someofhis

ancestorswerebigshotsinseventeenth-centurynewengland,whichwasunderthecontrolof

,notoriousforhisparticipationinthe

persecutionofquakers,andanotherwasajudgeatthesalemwitchcrafttrailin1692.

gradually,thefamilyfortunedeclined.hawthorne’sfatherwasaseacaptain,whodiedin

anaccidentandlefthismotherandhimbehindtostruggletoliveforthemselves.young

hawthornewasquiteawareofthemisdeedsofhispuritanancestors,andthisawarenessmade

himbelievethatev,hawthornewrotesomeof

hisbooks,suchasthescarletletterandthehouseofthesevengamblestotrytomakeup

forthesinofhisancestors.

hawthorne’swritingskillscanbeconcludedasfollows:

firstly,allhislife,hawthorneseemstobeindulgedinhissenseofsinandevilinlife.

readinghisbooks,onecannotbutbeoverwhelmedbytheblackvisionwhichthesebooks

reveal.evilexistsinthehumanheartallthetime.forinstance,intheshortstory,“

earth’sholocaust,”wecanfindthat,thoughallsymbolsoftraditionandthepasthave

beenburnedinthebonfireofthelifeofthenewworld,thesourceofevil---thehuman

heart,remainsintact.everyonepossessessomeevilsecretastaleslike“younggoodman

brown”setouttoprove.everyonetriestocoverupitsinnermostevilinthewaythe

ministerdimmesdaleinthescarletlettertriestopretendhowpureandpiousheis.evil

seemstobeman’sbirthmark.thispointofviewisjustaswhatthebibledescribespeople

’soriginalsin.

secondly,tohawthorne,sinwillsurelygetpunished,onewayoranother.asamatterof

fa(本文源于文秘城:)ct,hewassaidtobealwaystroubledbythethoughtthatthedeclineofhisfamily’s

fortunehadsomethingtodowiththesinsofhispuritanancestors.hawthornedeeply

believesthat“thewrong-doingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones”(thehouse

ofthesevengambles).itisalsointerestingtonotethathawthornebelievesthatevil

educates.whathawthorneseemstoproveisthatmancangetexperiencefromthecrimewhich

bringsaboutthedisaster.

inshort,totellthetruthandyetnottooffend,thatisallhawthornetriestoachievein

hisworks.

chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter

thestorybeginsinseventeenth-centuryboston,whichisunderpuritancommand.ayoung

woman,namedhesterprynne,issentaheadtoamericabyherhusband---anoldandugly

scholar.however,formanyyears,hedoesn’tarrive.obviously,itispossiblethathehas

beenlostinthesea.whilewaitingforherhusband,hesterandayounglocalminister

calledarthurdimmesdalefallinlovewitheachother.theycommitadulterysecretly.

becauseofhester’spregnancy,thesecretisfinallydiscovered.

accordingtothebible,everyoneissinful.thatistheopinionoftheoriginalsin:when

godcreatestheworld,hefirstcreatesamancalledadamandthenawomancalledeve.they

liv

thegardenexceptthoseonthetreeofknowledgeofgoodandevil.instigatedbythe

serpent,thetwocannotcontroltheircuriosityandviolatesgod’sorderandeatthe

fruitsfromthatparticulartree.thatenragesgod.fromthattimeon,theybecomesinful

andareexpelledfromthegardenofeden.however,sindoesn’tstop.itispassedfrom

generationtogenerationbyreproductionofadamandeve.allsuccessivegenerationsare

theirdescendantsandthereforeinherittheirsin.soatthetimeoneisborn,he/shebears

evilandhastherootofcommittingcrime.

accordingtotheprincipleoftheoriginalsin,hesterprynneisnotanexception.sheis

alsotheoffspringofadamandeve.theinsideofherflowstheirbloodsandsheofcourse

inheritstheiroriginalsin.thussheisasinnerfromthebeginningofherlife.

arethereanyotherstandardstojudgewhetherapersonissinful?theanswerispositive.

thecriterionshouldnotbethecommoncustom.instead,itshouldbethegod’sstandard.

becauseaccordingtothecommoncustom,itisverydifficulttojudgesometimes.everybody

isamixtureofvirtueandevilandtheemphasisofeveryone’sselfishdesireisquite

different.somecravenlyfeardeath,someclingtowoman’scharms,someseekonlyprofits

andsomehankerafterreputation.somearefrankandhonestandothersslyandcunning.

thereforeitishardtodecidewhoisrightandwhoiswrong.furthermore,thecommoncustom

isrelativeandchanging.forexample,twentyyearsago,tocommitadulterywasenoughto

ruinaperson’sfame.however,intoday’ssociety,cohabitationbeforemarriageis

universal.besides,althoughsomepeopledisplayhighermoralstandardsthanothers,they

stillcan’tgetridofselfishnessandavoidcommittingcrime.ifweadoptsthecriterion

ofthecommoncustom,althoughweknowthatwearenotinnocent,wewillcomfortourselves

thatwemaybeworsethansomepeople,butstillbetterthanothers.

thuswecanonlyusegod’scriteriatodecidew’s

criteriaarethetencommandmentsandthesevendeadlysins.

thetencommandments:

iamthelordyourgod,whobroughtyououtofegypt,outofslavery.youshallhaveno

othergodsbeforeme.

youshallnotmakeforyourselfanidolintheformofanythinginheavenaboveoronthe

earthbeneathorinthewatersbelow.

youshallnotbowdowntothemorworshipthem;fori,thelordyourgod,amajealousgod,

punishingthechildrenforthesinofthefatherstothethirdandfourthgenerationof

thosewhohateme,butshowinglovetoathousandgenerationsofthosewholovemeandkeep

mycommandments.

youshallnotmisusethenameofthelordyourgod,forthelordwillnotholdanyone

guiltlesswhomisuseshisname.

rememberthesabbathdaybykeepingitholy.

sixdaysyoushalllabouranddoallyourwork,buttheseventhdayisasabbathtothelord

,neitheryou,noryoursonordaughter,noryour

manservantormaidservant,noryouranimals,northealienwithinyourgates.

forinsixdaysthelordmadetheheavensandtheearth,thesea,andallthatisinthem,

butherestedontheseventhday.thereforethelordblessedthesabbathdayandmadeit

holy.

honouryourfatherandyourmother,sothatyoumaylivelonginthelandthelordyourgod

isgivingyou.

youshallnotmurder.

youshallnotcommitadultery.

youshallnotsteal.

youshallnotgivefalsetestimonyagainstyourneighbour.

youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''shouse.youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''swife,or

hismanservantormaidservant,hisoxordonkey,oranythingthatbelongstoyourneighbour.

(exodus2,14)

thesevendeadlysins:a)pride;b)lechery;c)envy;d)wrath;e)sloth;f)glutton

obviously,accordingtothesecriteria,hesterprynneisquitesinful.sheissinfulbecause

shedisobeysgodbycommittingadultery.whenchillingworth---hesterprynne’shusband

senthertothenewworld,althoughtherewasnoloveatallbetweenthecouple,sheshouldn

’tforgetthatshehadalreadygotmarried.shehadahusband,whowasjustmissingatthat

time.however,shecouldnotcontrolherviciousdesireandhadaloveaffairwiththe

minister---dimmesdale.that’snotforgivableaccordingtocatholicism.that’sinsultto

god.that’sbetrayal!insuchasituation,hesterprynneforgotgod’sinstructionandwas

completelydegenerated.sheisablasphemetogod.

sofromtheverydayofhercrime,hesterprynnehastobearallthesufferingsthatfollow.

everysinmustbepunished.allourbehaviorsanddeedscan’tpassawayeasily.ourwrong-

doingsarehatefulinthattheynotonlydepraveourselves,butalsooffenseothersand

especiallygod.hester’sbehaviorisdisgracefulandsheislookeddownuponbyothers.

furthermore,

faultcaraccordingtotomwaltson,thenatureofsinisevil:

firstly,sinfoulspeople;sinisnotonlyaflaw,butalsoacontamination.sintosoulis

thesameasrusttogold.itisjustlikeablemishonabeautifulthing.thebiblecompares

sinwith“plague”(1king,8,38).sinfoulsgod’simageandstainthepureofsoul.it

makesgod“grewwearyof”thesinners(zechariah,8,11);andwhen“youwillrememberyour

conductandalltheactionsbywhichyouhavedefiledyourselves,andyouwillloathe

yourselvesforalltheevilyouhavedone”(ezekiel,20,43).apostlepaulsaidin2

corinthian,7,1that“everything…contaminatesbodyandspirit”。

secondly,sinmakesgodworry.“donotgrievetheholyspiritofgod”(ephesians,4,30).

sinisdeli’tlikesinbecausesinmakesgodbe

insulted.sotoworrygodisabigcrime.

thirdly,siniscontrarytogod.asinnertrendsongod’sprincipleandviolatesgod’s

decree.

fourthly,sinbringsevil.sinislikethetrojanhorse(thegreekssiegedtroyformany

,theygotanidea.theypretendedtoretreat,leavingahuge

woodenhorse,inwhichanumberofgreekheroeshadhiddenthemselves.thetrojans,whowere

toohappytoreflectonthesituation,broughtthehorseinsidethecityasawartrophy.in

thefollowingnight,thegreekscameoutandattackedtheunsuspectingandcelebrating

trojans,andfinallyconqueredtroy),whichhasaco,全国公务员共同天地mmonoutlookandterriblethingsinside.

lastly,sinnerswhodon’trepentwilldieout.unrepentantsinbringsabout“thesecond

death”(revelation20,14)

(《xitongshenxue》

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英文专业毕业论文范文 篇4

论文关键词:体裁,体裁分析,英文促销信

1.0 前言

近15年,体裁(genre)和体裁分析(genre analysis)成为第一语言和第二语言教学领域里的热门话题(Hyon 1996)。我国不少专家、学者都试图把这种理论应用在具有特定交际目的的篇章上,如分析农业英语论文摘要(易兴霞,2006),分析应用语言学领域学术文章的宏观和微观结构(杨瑞英,2006)英语专业毕业论文,分析商务促销类语篇(王宏俐, 郭继荣,2006)等。本文拟从Bhatia的英文促销信的体裁分析模式入手,分析主要交际目的为说服潜在客户购买商家所提供的产品或接受其服务的英文促销信的表现形式,图式结构和特殊信息,并通过分析语义的文化预设和搭配意义,加深对促销信的语言表面特征的认识。

2.0理论依据

2.1体裁

语言学中的体裁(genre)不同于文学中的体裁。Swales (1990: 45-58) 认为体裁是在特定社会文化背景下对人类交际事件进行分类的结果。所谓交际事件就是人们按照特定目的和特定程式运用语言在社会中办事的实例。新加坡的Bhatia (1993:13-16)在 Swales的体裁理论基础上做了进一步的完善, 认为:1)体裁是一种可辨认的交际事件;2)体裁不是一般的交际事件 ,而是一种内部结构特征鲜明,高度约定俗成的交际事件;3)在建构语篇时 ,必须遵循某种特定体裁所要求的惯例;4)尽管体裁有其惯例和制约性, 内行人仍可在体裁规定内传达个人意图和交际目的。因此交际目的往往决定应该使用哪种体裁,而体裁的常规性又维我们提供了可以遵循的体裁结构潜势。

2.2体裁分析

体裁分析是20 世纪90 年代由Swales (1990)和Bhatia (1993)发展起来的一种分析方法。他们认为任何体裁都是由一系列的语轮构成,语步(move)和步骤( step)是语篇分析的出发点。Swales的层次动向法(move approach)常用在具体的体裁分析中,即根据不同的交际目的,对某一语篇按照意义与功能划出层次,然后再根据层次来考察分析语言的表达形式。Swales 没有对语步和步骤提出明确的定义,但Nwogu (1997)认为语步是一个由一系列词汇,主题意义和修辞特征所标明的具有统一意义倾向的语篇片断,步骤是实现语步的可供选择的修辞策略,一个语步可以由一个或多个步骤来实现。例如英语专业毕业论文,Bhatia (1993:62)根据体裁“ 语步 (moves) 和步骤( steps)”分析理论,将推销体裁概括成七个 “语步” (move) :1. Establishing credentials (确立资格证明) ; 2. Introducing the offer (介绍推销内容):⑴offering the product orservice (介绍产品或服务) ,⑵ Essential detailing of the offer (介绍推销内容的重要细节) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推销内容的价值) ; 3. Offering incentives (激励购买) ; 4.Enclosing documents (附寄文件) ; 5. Soliciting response(请求回复) ; 6. Using pressure tactics (采用压力策略) ; 7. Ending politely (礼貌收尾)。在以上七个“语步” 中 ,第二语步 Introducing the offer 又是由三个步骤(step)组成的。

体裁分析模式为语篇研究提供了新的考察视角与方式。使用体裁和体裁分析理论对某个特定语篇进行分析,是对语篇宏观结构和微观结构分析的有机结合,既注重语篇结构的宏观结构和认知结构,也注重特定的体裁结构在词汇和语法层面的特定表现。

3.0体裁分析在英文促销信中的应用

3.1促销信的体裁界定

促销信是商务英语中常见的一种语篇,它是以书信的格式由促销人员向顾客传递商品或服务的存在及其性能、特征等信息,帮助顾客认识商品或服务所带来的利益,从而达到引起顾客的注意和兴趣、唤起需求、采取购买行为的目的。因此它的本质是销售者和消费者之间的信息沟通,主要交际目的就是通过向消费者的宣传、诱导和提示,促进消费者产生购买动机,影响消费者的购买行为,实现产品由生产领域向消费领域的转移。这样的交际目的决定收信人和写信人通常为并不熟悉的双方,因此语言上谦虚有礼、简洁明晰是必不可少的。

3.2 促销信的内在宏观结构

一封成功的促销信在内在结构上 ,基本遵循Bhatia 的七个 “语步”的模式 ,通过吸引客户的注意、向客户详细介绍所推销的产品或服务并索求回复等语篇片断来实现说服潜在客户购买所推销产品或服务的交际目的。下面我们从Bhatia的英文促销信的体裁分析模式入手英语专业毕业论文,来具体讨论促销信的层次动向。。

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⑸Sincethe offer is valid till (time how long).please act now.

⑹Sincerely,

这封促销信由五段组成,第一段的第一句是第一个语步: Establishing credentials (确立资格证明),通过提及在情人节要提供的一项服务来吸引顾客的注意力;第一段的第二句到第三段是第二个语步:Introducing the offer (介绍推销内容)。第二个语步由三个步骤组成:⑴offering the product or service (介绍产品或服务) ,⑵ Essentialdetailing of the offer (介绍推销内容的重要细节) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推销内容的价值) 。第一段的第二句是第一个步骤,主要介绍了即将推出的服务——每买两公斤蛋糕就能抽签,就有机会赢得在三星级宾馆的两人晚宴;第一段的第三句和第二段是第二个步骤,详细介绍推销服务的细节——情人节前夕在三星级宾馆和挚爱共进晚餐、共舞;第三段是第三个步骤,主要指出推销服务的精神价值——使情人节过得特别,并能遇到明星。第二个语步是促销信最为重要的部分,决定能否帮助顾客认识商品或服务所带来的利益,从而达到引起顾客的注意和兴趣、唤起需求、最终采取购买行为的目的。第四段是第三、四个语步:Offering incentives (激励购买)和Soliciting response(请求回复)。第四段第一句是请求顾客做出回复——到销售点寻求更多信息;第二句是鼓励有购买倾向的顾客下定决心。第五段是第五个语步:Using pressure tactics (采用压力策略),Sincerely和签名是第六个语步:Ending politely (礼貌收尾),作为传统信件独特的结尾方式,这一语步在促销信中也很常见。

与Bhatia的七个语步模式略有不同的是:这封促销信并没有Enclosing documents (附寄文件)这一语步;而且Offeringincentives (激励购 买)和Soliciting response(请求回复)的顺序也有所不同。王宏俐, 郭继荣(2006)认为,在语篇构建中常使用的语步是核心语步英语专业毕业论文,不太出现的辅助性语步是语步,在促销信中,第一、二、四语步是核心语步,由于Enclosing documents (附寄文件)这一语步是语步,销售者可根据情况决定是否使用;至于语步顺序,尽管促销信是专门用途英语里的一种,有其惯例和制约性,但我们仍可在体裁规定内传达个人意图和交际目的。

3.3 促销信的文化预设和搭配意义

这实际是一封是以西方文化为背景的抽奖促销信。促销信的最主要部分——第二语步也是以这个文化预设为先决条件的。销售者想要促销的商品是蛋糕,但在促销信里,抽奖有可能赢得情人节的晚餐却是描述的重点,这主要是商家抓住了顾客消费过程中的侥幸获大利心理——以抽奖赢得与挚爱在情人节共进免费晚餐的机会,设置中奖机会,利用抽奖的形式英语专业毕业论文,来吸引消费者购买商品蛋糕。令人心动的抽奖活动成功地把顾客的注意力指向拉到了本应大力宣传的产品——蛋糕上面。如果收信人不了解这个文化预设,就不容易达到促销信的交际目的。

Leech(1981:17)认为:搭配意义是指一个词与另一个词连用搭配时使得该词的意义随语境而发生的变化。因此促销信在词的搭配上非常注意。促销信使用的形容词大多是描述性和评价性的,多为褒义词,例如:great, wonderful, special, tasty, exciting, thrilling, famous,wonderful, 这些形容词为收信人勾勒出一幅浪漫、激情、美味的晚餐情景。尽管这是一封书信,但口语词汇多余书面语词汇,浅显易懂、简洁明晰。销售者为了推销商品或者服务,常常直接使用反问疑问句和祈使句,增强引导功能,说服或敦促收信人采取购买行动。

3.4 总结

体裁分析超越了对语篇语言特征的简单描述,力求解释语篇的理据, 探讨语篇结构背后的社会文化因素和心理认知因素, 揭示实现交际背景的特殊方式和语篇结构的规范性。促销信具是专门用途英语的一种,把促销信这一体裁语篇看作是一个有规律的有结构的层次动向的组合的思想, 有助于我们更好地理解这种信函体裁,写出目的明确、结构清晰、用词准确的促销信。

参考文献:

1.Hyon, Sunny. Genre in Three Traditions:Implications for ESL [J]. TESOL Quarterly, 30/ 4 :693-722, 1996.

2.易兴霞。体裁分析与农业英语论文摘要[J]. 西安外国语学院学报,2006(9):28-31.

3.杨瑞英。体裁分析的应用:应用语言学学术文章结构分析[J]. 外语与外语教学,2006(10):29-34.

4.王宏俐,郭继荣。体裁分析与商务促销类语篇[J]. 外语教学,2006(7): 32-37.

5.Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis: English inAcademic and Research Settings [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

6.Bhatia, V. K. Analyzing Genre: Language Usein Professional Settings [M]. London: Longman, 1993.

7.Nwogu, K. N. The Medical Research Paper: Structureand Function [J]. English for Specific Purposes, 199 16 (2): 119-138.

8.Leech, G. Semantics [M]. Britain: Richard Clay (The Chaucer Press) Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk, 1981.

英语专业毕业论文 篇5

英语专业毕业论文范文(仅供参考)

prynne----resurrection

athesis

submittedtothedepartmentofenglish

of--------------------university

inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements

forthedegreeof

bachelorofarts

by

----------------------------

class:3grade:2002

supervisedby

---------------------------

june2006

contents

chapterone:biographyofnathanielhawthorne…………………………………...p1

chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter…………………………..p2

chapterthree:hesterprynne’sresurrection---fromsufferingandredemptiontosalvation

……………………………………………………………………………...p5

conclusion………………………………………………………………………….p10

references…………………………………………………………………………..p11

hesterprynne---resurrection

abstract:thescarletlettermakestheamericanwriternathanielhawthorneknownallaround

theworld.hawthorneisapiouschristian,andisdeeplyinfluencedbythetheology.he’s

somuchindulgedinthereligiousdoctrinethatpeoplecanfindthereflectionofthegod

almosteverywhereinhisworks.afterreadingthescarletletter,oneismostlyimpressedby

thespiritofthebiblethestorydepicted.thebookchieflydiscussessinandhowtoatone

forit.hesterprynneistheheroineofthefiction.thispaperresearchesherfateto

illustratetheinfluenceofthebibletohawthorne.hesterprynnecommitsadulteryandis

forcedtowearascarletletter“a”onherbreast.atthebeginning,sheencountersall

kindsofsufferings,bothfromthesocietyandfromherownsoul.however,sherealizesher

sinandtriesherbesttoatoneforit.andshedosenotchoosetoavoidherfault.finally,

throughherendeavor,godforgivesher.inshort,sinandatoningforsin,thatisthe

purposeofthispaper.

keywords:thescarletletter.,hesterprynne,thebible,sinandatonement.

如此沉迷于宗教的教义之中,人们几乎可以发现神在他的每部作品中无处不在。读完《红字》,给人印象

最深的莫过于故事描绘的《圣经》的精神。该书主要讨论了关于罪与赎罪的问题。海丝特白兰是小说的女

主人公。本文主要研究她的一生以说明《圣经》对霍桑的影响。海丝特白兰犯了通奸罪,并被迫在胸口上

带一个大写的红色字母“a”。一开始,她遭遇了各种各样的磨难,既有来自社会的也有来自她自己精神

上的。然而,她认识到了自己的罪行并尽最大努力去赎罪,并且她并没有选择逃避责罚。最后,通过她的

努力,神原谅了她。简言之,本文的主要目的就是罪行以及赎罪。

关键字:《红字》,海丝特白兰,《圣经》,罪行以及赎罪。

chapterone:biographyofnathanielhawthorne

withthepublicationofthescarletletterin1850,nathanielhawthornebecameoneofthe

greatestwriteratthattimeandbuilthisreputationasamajoramericanauthor.sincethat

timeon,peoplebegantotakegreatinterestinallaspectsofhislifeandagreatmany

biographicalandcriticalstudieshadbeenwrittenabouthimandhisworks.heisalso

becomingmoreandmorepopularandfamiliarwithchinesereaders.sincethechinese

translationofthescarletappearedin1950s,scholarsandreadersinthiscountryhave

shownanever-increasinginterestinhisworks.

hawthornewasbornonthefourthofjuly,1804insalem,massachusetts.someofhis

ancestorswerebigshotsinseventeenth-centurynewengland,whichwasunderthecontrolof

,notoriousforhisparticipationinthe

persecutionofquakers,andanotherwasajudgeatthesalemwitchcrafttrailin1692.

gradually,thefamilyfortunedeclined.hawthorne’sfatherwasaseacaptain,whodiedin

anaccidentandlefthismotherandhimbehindtostruggletoliveforthemselves.young

hawthornewasquiteawareofthemisdeedsofhispuritanancestors,andthisawarenessmade

himbelievethatev,hawthornewrotesomeof

hisbooks,suchasthescarletletterandthehouseofthesevengamblestotrytomakeup

forthesinofhisancestors.

hawthorne’swritingskillscanbeconcludedasfollows:

firstly,allhislife,hawthorneseemstobeindulgedinhissenseofsinandevilinlife.

readinghisbooks,onecannotbutbeoverwhelmedbytheblackvisionwhichthesebooks

reveal.evilexistsinthehumanheartallthetime.forinstance,intheshortstory,“

earth’sholocaust,”wecanfindthat,thoughallsymbolsoftraditionandthepasthave

beenburnedinthebonfireofthelifeofthenewworld,thesourceofevil---thehuman

heart,remainsintact.everyonepossessessomeevilsecretastaleslike“younggoodman

brown”setouttoprove.everyonetriestocoverupitsinnermostevilinthewaythe

ministerdimmesdaleinthescarletlettertriestopretendhowpureandpiousheis.evil

seemstobeman’sbirthmark.thispointofviewisjustaswhatthebibledescribespeople

’soriginalsin.

secondly,tohawthorne,sinwillsurelygetpunished,onewayoranother.asamatterof

fact,hewassaidtobealwaystroubledbythethoughtthatthedeclineofhisfamily’s

fortunehadsomethingtodowiththesinsofhispuritanancestors.hawthornedeeply

believesthat“thewrong-doingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones”(thehouse

ofthesevengambles).itisalsointerestingtonotethathawthornebelievesthatevil

educates.whathawthorneseemstoproveisthatmancangetexperiencefromthecrimewhich

bringsaboutthedisaster.

inshort,totellthetruthandyetnottooffend,thatisallhawthornetriestoachievein

hisworks.

chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter

thestorybeginsinseventeenth-centuryboston,whichisunderpuritancommand.ayoung

woman,namedhesterprynne,issentaheadtoamericabyherhusband---anoldandugly

scholar.however,formanyyears,hedoesn’tarrive.obviously,itispossiblethathehas

beenlostinthesea.whilewaitingforherhusband,hesterandayounglocalminister

calledarthurdimmesdalefallinlovewitheachother.theycommitadulterysecretly.

becauseofhester’spregnancy,thesecretisfinallydiscovered.

accordingtothebible,everyoneissinful.thatistheopinionoftheoriginalsin:when

godcreatestheworld,hefirstcreatesamancalledadamandthenawomancalledeve.they

liv

thegardenexceptthoseonthetreeofknowledgeofgoodandevil.instigatedbythe

serpent,thetwocannotcontroltheircuriosityandviolatesgod’sorderandeatthe

fruitsfromthatparticulartree.thatenragesgod.fromthattimeon,theybecomesinful

andareexpelledfromthegardenofeden.however,sindoesn’tstop.itispassedfrom

generationtogenerationbyreproductionofadamandeve.allsuccessivegenerationsare

theirdescendantsandthereforeinherittheirsin.soatthetimeoneisborn,he/shebears

evilandhastherootofcommittingcrime.

accordingtotheprincipleoftheoriginalsin,hesterprynneisnotanexception.sheis

alsotheoffspringofadamandeve.theinsideofherflowstheirbloodsandsheofcourse

inheritstheiroriginalsin.thussheisasinnerfromthebeginningofherlife.

arethereanyotherstandardstojudgewhetherapersonissinful?theanswerispositive.

thecriterionshouldnotbethecommoncustom.instead,itshouldbethegod’sstandard.

becauseaccordingtothecommoncustom,itisverydifficulttojudgesometimes.everybody

isamixtureofvirtueandevilandtheemphasisofeveryone’sselfishdesireisquite世纪秘书网版权所有

different.somecravenlyfeardeath,someclingtowoman’scharms,someseekonlyprofits

andsomehankerafterreputation.somearefrankandhonestandothersslyandcunning.

thereforeitishardtodecidewhoisrightandwhoiswrong.furthermore,thecommoncustom

isrelativeandchanging.forexample,twentyyearsago,tocommitadulterywasenoughto

ruinaperson’sfame.however,intoday’ssociety,cohabitationbeforemarriageis

universal.besides,althoughsomepeopledisplayhighermoralstandardsthanothers,they

stillcan’tgetridofselfishnessandavoidcommittingcrime.ifweadoptsthecriterion

ofthecommoncustom,althoughweknowthatwearenotinnocent,wewillcomfortourselves

thatwemaybeworsethansomepeople,butstillbetterthanothers.

thuswecanonlyusegod’scriteriatodecidew’s

criteriaarethetencommandmentsandthesevendeadlysins.

thetencommandments:

iamthelordyourgod,whobroughtyououtofegypt,outofslavery.youshallhaveno

othergodsbeforeme.

youshallnotmakeforyourselfanidolintheformofanythinginheavenaboveoronthe

earthbeneathorinthewatersbelow.

youshallnotbowdowntothemorworshipthem;fori,thelordyourgod,amajealousgod,

punishingthechildrenforthesinofthefatherstothethirdandfourthgenerati onof

thosewhohateme,butshowinglovetoathousandgenerationsofthosewholovemeandkeep

mycommandments.

youshallnotmisusethenameofthelordyourgod,forthelordwillnotholdanyone

guiltlesswhomisuseshisname.

rememberthesabbathdaybykeepingitholy.

sixdaysyoushalllabouranddoallyourwork,buttheseventhdayisasabbathtothelord

,neitheryou,noryoursonordaughter,noryour

manservantormaidservant,noryouranimals,northealienwithinyourgates.

forinsixdaysthelordmadetheheavensandtheearth,thesea,andallthatisinthem,

butherestedontheseventhday.thereforethelordblessedthesabbathdayandmadeit

holy.

honouryourfatherandyourmother,sothatyoumaylivelonginthelandthelordyourgod

isgivingyou.

youshallnotmurder.

youshallnotcommitadultery.

youshallnotsteal.

youshallnotgivefalsetestimonyagainstyourneighbour.

youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''shouse.youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''swife,or

hismanservantormaidservant,hisoxordonkey,oranythingthatbelongstoyourneighbour.

(exodus2,14)

thesevendeadlysins:a)pride;b)lechery;c)envy;d)wrath;e)sloth;f)glutton

obviously,accordingtothesecriteria,hesterprynneisquitesinful.sheissinfulbecause

shedisobeysgodbycommittingadultery.whenchillingworth---hesterprynne’shusband

senthertothenewworld,althoughtherewasnoloveatallbetweenthecouple,sheshouldn

’tforgetthatshehadalreadygotmarried.shehadahusband,whowasjustmissingatthat

time.however,shecouldnotcontrolherviciousdesireandhadaloveaffairwiththe

minister---dimmesdale.that’snotforgivableaccordingtocatholicism.that’sinsultto

god.that’sbetrayal!insuchasituation,hesterprynneforgotgod’sinstructionandwas

completelydegenerated.sheisablasphemetogod.

sofromtheverydayofhercrime,hesterprynnehastobearallthesufferingsthatfollow.

everysinmustbepunished.allourbehaviorsanddeedscan’tpassawayeasily.ourwrong-

doingsarehatefulinthattheynotonlydepraveourselves,butalsooffenseothersand

especiallygod.hester’sbehaviorisdisgracefulandsheislookeddownuponbyothers.

furthermore,

faultcaraccordingtotomwaltson,thenatureofsinisevil:

firstly,sinfoulspeople;sinisnotonlyaflaw,butalsoacontamination.sintosoulis

thesameasrusttogold.itisjustlikeablemishonabeautifulthing.thebiblecompares

sinwith“plague”(1king,8,38).sinfoulsgod’simageandstainthepureofsoul.it

makesgod“grewwearyof”thesinners(zechariah,8,11);andwhen“youwillrememberyour

conductandalltheactionsbywhichyouhavedefiledyourselves,andyouwillloathe

yourselvesforalltheevilyouhavedone”(ezekiel,20,43).apostlepaulsaidin2

corinthian,7,1that“everything…contaminatesbodyandspirit”。

secondly,sinmakesgodworry.“donotgrievetheholyspiritofgod”(ephesians,4,30).

sinisdeli’tlikesinbecausesinmakesgodbe

insulted.sotoworrygodisabigcrime.

thirdly,siniscontrarytogod.asinnertrendsongod’sprincipleandviolatesgod’s

decree.

fourthly,sinbringsevil.sinislikethetrojanhorse(thegreekssiegedtroyformany

,theygotanidea.theypretendedtoretreat,leavingahuge世纪秘书网版权所有

woodenhorse,inwhichanumberofgreekheroeshadhiddenthemselves.thetrojans,whowere

toohappytoreflectonthesituation,broughtthehorseinsidethecityasawartrophy.in

thefollowingnight,thegreekscameoutandattackedtheunsuspectingandcelebrating

trojans,andfinallyconqueredtroy),whichhasacommonoutlookandterriblethingsinside.

lastly,sinnerswhodon’trepentwilldieout.unrepentantsinbringsabout“thesecond

death”(revelation20,14)

(《xitongshenxue》

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英语毕业论文 篇6

1.Introduction:DefinitionofStylisticsandStylisticAnalysis

Asfarasthedefinitionofstylisticsisconcerneddifferentscholarsdefinethebranchofstudyindifferentways.Walesdefinesstylisticssimplyas“thestudyofstyle”(1989:437),whileWiddowsonprovidesamoreinformativedefinitionas“thestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation”andtakes“aviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo”(1975:3).Leechholdsasimilarview.Hedefinesstylisticsasthe“studyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature”(1969:1)andconsidersstylisticsa“meeting-groundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy”(1969:2).FromwhatWiddowsonandLeechsay,wecanseethatstylisticsisanareaofstudythatstraddlestwodisciplines:literarycriticismandlinguistics.Ittakesliterarydiscourse(text)asitsobjectofstudyanduseslinguisticsasameanstothatend.

Stylisticanalysisisgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext;thatis,whatitisthatispeculiartotheusesoflanguageinaliterarytextfordeliveringthemessage.Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonsofthelanguageofthetextwiththatusedinconventionaltypesofdiscourse.StylisticiansmayalsowishtocharacterizethestyleofaliterarytextbySystematicallycomparingthelanguageusesinthattextwiththoseinanother.Hallidaypointsout,“Thetextmaybeseenas‘this’incontrastwith‘that’,withanotherpoemoranothernovel;stylisticsstudiesareessentiallycomparativeinnature…”(1971:341).Onthispoints,WiddowsonisofthesameopinionasHalliday.Hesays:“Allliteraryappreciationiscomparative,asindeedisarecognitionofstylesingeneral”(1975:84).Thus,wemayconcludethatstylisticanalysisisanactivitythatishighlycomparativeinnature.

2.RelatedInformationoftheSpeechIHAVEADREAMandItsAuthor

MartinLutherKing,jr.wasbornonJanuary15,1929inAtlanta,Georgia,thesonofaclergymanandthegrandsonofaslave.AfterattendingseveralcollegeshereceivedhisPh.D.intheologyfromBostonUniversityin1955.HeledthebusboycottinMontgomery,Alabamain1955-1956.AspresidentoftheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference,hethenledcivilrightsdemonstrationsinmanycities.In1963hehelpedorganizethemarchonWashington,whichbroughttogethermorethan200,000people.Aleaderinestablishinganonviolentcivilrightsmovement,KingwasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizefor1964.KingwasassassinatedinMemphis,Tennessee,in1968,shortlybeforehisfortiethbirthday.Sincethen,hehasbecomeanAmericanfolkhero,andonNovember2,1983,alawhonoringDr.KingwassignedbyPresidentRigan,effectiveJanuary1986,makingthethirdMondayofJanuaryanationalholiday.HeistheonlyU.S.citizenotherthanGeorgeWashingtontoberecognizedinthisway.

In1863PresidentAbrahamLincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationfreeinga,however,thelifeofblackswasstill“sadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationandtheChainsdiscrimination.”OnAugust28,1963,aquarterofmillionpeopleofallracescametoWashington,D.C.,toshowtheirsupportforfreedomandjusticeforallAmericans,andforblackpeopleinparticular.Atthatdemonstration,MartinLutherKing,jr.deliveredthisfamousspeechIHAVEADREAM,widelyregardedasthemosteloquentstatementoftheblackpeople’sdreamsandaspirationsevermade.Inhisspeech,Dr.Kingtoldtheworld,“Ihaveadream”thatequalitywouldcome“toallofGod’schildren.”Hesaidhewantedeveryonetobeableto“joinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,‘Freeatlast!Freeatlast!…’”

3.AStylisticAnalysisoftheSpeech(Ananalysisofsomeofthestylisticdevicesusedinthespeech)

MartinLutherKing’sspeechofAugust28,1963iswidelyregardedasoneofthemostpowerfuleverdeliveredintheUnitedStates.Althoughthisaddresswasdeliveredorally,itwasreadfromawrittentextcomposedwithGREatcare.ItisanexampleofformalEnglishwithaconvincingstyle.Herearesomeofthestylisticdevices(whichmaybeconsideredtraditionallyasrhetoricaldevices)usedbyDrKingtoinspireandpersuade.

3.1Repetition:

Throughoutthespeech,Dr.Kingrepeatswordsandsentence.Thisisaveryoutstandingfeatureinthisspeechcalledrepetition.Itbelongstothestylisticdeviceofsyntacticover-regularity.Thetermrepetitionisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatextsuchasaword,phraseorevenasentence(Leech,1969),becausealltheover-regularfeaturesinliteratureareinsomesenserepetitious.Usedinspeech,repetitionnotonlymakesiteasyfortheaudiencetofollowwhatthespeakerissaying,butalsogivesastrongrhythmicqualitytothespeechandmakesitmorememorable.Inparagraphs8through16,forexample,Kingusesthewords“Ihaveadream”ninetimes.Thisrepetitionhelpstoachievethefunctionofcoherenceindiscourseandthefunctionofreinforcementinmoodandemotion,expressingthespeaker’sstrongemotionoflongingforfreedom,justice,righteousnessandamuchmoreunitednationofallofGod’schildren.

Ifwestudythewholespeechmorecarefully,itiseasyforustofindmanyotherexamplesofrepetitionused.

①Butonehundredyearslater,wemustfacethetragicfac,thelifeoftheNegro.

②isstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationand,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofava,theNegroisstilllanguishinginthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.

Herethephrase“onehundredyearslater”hasbeenrepeatedthreetimes,seeminglyindicatingthatitisreallyalongtimefortheNegrotowaitforthecomingofthetimeofjusticeandrighteousness.

②Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt.WerefusetobelievethatthereareinsufficientfundsintheGREatvaultsofopportunityofthisnation.(Par.4)

thephrase“werefusetobelievethat…”hasbeenusedtwicetoindicatethespeaker’sgoodhope.

③Nowisthetimetomaker’(Par.4)

Inthisshortpassage,theclause“Nowisthetimeto…”hasbeenusedfourtimestoemphasizethefierceurgencyof“NOW”andtoencourageandpersuadetheblackstotakeimmediateactiontoriseaboveandgaintheirownrightsandfreedom.

Otherexamplesofrepetitioncanstillbeeasilyfoundthroughoutthespeech.Inpar.7,thewords“wecannever/cannotbesatisfiedaslongas…”hasbeenusedasmanyasfivetimestoshowthedeterminationandpersistenceoftheblackpeople;inpar.17,thewords“withthefaithwewillbeableto…”hasbeenrepeatedtwiceforthepurposeofshowinghowstrongthefaithoftheblackpeopleistostruggleforthebrotherhoodof“allofGod’schildren”,andhowstrongthefaithoftheblackpeopleistobelievethatthey“willbefreeoneday”。Nowlet’senjoyanotherexample.

④AndifAmericaistobeaGREatnationthismustbecometrue.SoletfreedomringfromtheprodigioushilltopsofNewHampshire!LetfreedomringfromtheheighteningAllegheniesofPennsylvania!

LetfreedomringfromthesnowcappedRockiesofColorado!

LetfreedomringfromthecurvaceousslopesofCalifornia!

Butnotonlythat;letfreedomringfromStoneMountainofGeorgia!

LetfreedomringfromLookoutMountainofTennessee.

LetfreedomringfromeveryhillandmolehillofMississippi.Fromeverymountainside,letfreedomring.

Whenweletfreedomring,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity…(Paragraphs19through25)

thewords“LetFreedomring…”hasbeenrepeatedasmanyasninetimestoindicatethatitisthewholeoftheUnitedStatesratherthananypartofitthatshouldbebathedinthesunshineoffreedom.

3.2UseofParallelism

Parallelismisanothersyntacticover-regularity.Itmeansexactrepetitioninequivalentpositions.Itdiffersfromsimplerepetitioninthattheidentitydoesnotextendtoabsoluteduplication,it“requiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelementswhichare‘parallel’withrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern”(Leech,1969:66).Toputitsimply,parallelismmeansthebalancingofsentenceelemen,balancenounswithnouns,verbswithverbs,prepositionalphraseswithprepositionalphrases,clauseswithclauses,andsoforth.

Inhisspeech,MartinLutherKingusesparallelismtocreateastrongrhythmtohelptheaudiencelineuphisideas.Herearefewexamples:

⑤…bythemanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination…(Par.2,twoparallelnounphrases)

⑥“Thisisnotimetoengageintheluxuryofcoolingoffortotakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.”(Par.4,twoparallelinfinitivephrases:“toengage…totake…”)

⑦“therewillbeneitherrestnortranquilityinAmerica…”(Par.5,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“neither…nor”)

⑧“Weshallneverbesatisfiedaslongasourchildrenarestrippedoftheirselfhoodandrobbedoftheirdignity…”(Par.7,twoparallelverbphrases)

Itistraditionallybelievedthatparallelismisusedforthepurposeofemphasizingandenhancing,esp.inspeech,theideasexpressedbythespeaker(orauthorinwrittenversions),thusalwaysencouragingandinspiringtheaudience.WeneednottobeverycarefullytofindoutmanymoreexamplesofparallelismusedinKing’sspeechandclassifiedasisfollowed:

3.2.1parallelnouns:

⑨Thisnotwasapromisethatallmenwouldbeguaranteedtheinalienablerightsoflife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.(Par.3,threeparallelnounsasattributive)

⑩1963isnotanend,butabeginning(Par.5,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“not…but…”)

⑾Againandagainwemustrisetothemajesticheightsofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce.(Par.6)

⑿…havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestinyandtheirfreedomisinextricablyboundtoourfreedom.(Par.6,twopairsofparallelnouns).

⒀Isaytoyoutoday,myfriends,thatinspiteofthedifficultiesandfrustrationsofthemoment…(Par.8)

⒁…adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeandoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.(Par.11,twopairsofparallelnouns).

3.2.2Parallelnounphrases:

⒂Sowehavetocametocashthischeck-acheckthatwillgiveasupondemandtherichesoffreedomandThesecurityofjustice.(Par.4)

⒃IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgiathesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood(Par.10)

3.2.3Parallelinfinitivephrases:

⒄ItwouldbefetalforthenationtooverlooktheurgencyofthemomentandtounderestimatethedeterminationoftheNegro.(Par.5,twoparallelinfinitivephrases)

⒅Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostraggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.(Par.7,fiveparallelinfinitivephrases).

3.2.4Parallelprepositionalphrases

⒆Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.(Par.12)

⒇…,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity,…(Par.25)

E.Parallelclauses:

(21)…,havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestinyand(that)theirfreedomisinextricablyboundtourfreedom.(Par.6,twoparallelobjectiveclause)

(22)Ihaveadreamthatonedayeveryvalleyshallbeexalted,everyhillandmountainshallbemadelow,theroughplacewillbemadeplain,andthecrookedplaceswillbemadestraight,andthegloryoftheLordshallberevealed,andallfleshshallseeittogether.(Par.6,sixparallelclausesusedasappositionsofthenoun“dream”).

3.3UseofSimilesandMetaphors

Astwoveryimportanttypesofmeaningtransferenceinliterature,similesandmetaphorsarecomparisonsthatshowsimilaritiesinthingsthatarebasicallydifferent,whichcanbeusedtoaddvividnessandvitalitytowriting.AsLeechpointsout,metaphorisassociatedwithaparticularruleoftransferencewhichmaybecalledthe“metaphoricrule”(1969:151).Thatis,thefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,asitwere,theliteralmeaning.

Throughoutthespeech,Kingmakesextensiveuseofsimilesandmetaphors.Inparagraph1,forexample,KingcomparesTheEmancipationProclamationtotwoformsofbrilliantlightcuttingthroughdarkness.Thefirst-“ajoyousdaybreak”-comparesittothesunrise,which(inthiscase)ends“thelongnightofcaptivity”。Inparagraph2,hespeaksof“themanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination,”comparingsegregationanddiscriminationunderwhichtheNegropeoplelivetothemanaclesandchainsonceusedonslaves.Therefore,itisveryclearthattheusingofsimilesandmetaphorscandefinitelyaddvividnessandvitalitytowritingandmakeiteasyforthereadersoraudiencetounderstand.

Nowlet’scitesomeofthesimilesandmetaphorsusedinKing’sspeech.

(23)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.(Par.2,metaphors)

(24)Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt.WerefusetobelievethatthereareinsufficientfundsintheGREatvaultsofopportunityforthisnation(Par.4,metaphors)

(25)Thisisnotime…totakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.(Par.4,metaphor)

(26)ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro’slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality.(Par.5,Metaphors)

(27)…wewillnotbesatisfieduntiljusticerollsdownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream.(Par.7,Similes)

(28)…asituationwherelittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithwhiteboysandwhitegirlsandwalktogetherassistersandbrothers.(Par.14,Similes)

3.4UseofContrast

Althoughmaybearhetoricaldeviceinsteadofastylisticone,contrasthasalsobeenusedeffectively,likerepetition,inthisspeech,achievingthefunctionofmakingcleartheideasofthespeaker.Inparagraphl,forexample,“GREatbeaconlightofhope”iscontrastedwith“flamesofwitheringinjustice,”and“joyousdaybreak”withlongnightofcaptivity.”

Asitisdefined,contrastisusedtoshowthedifferencebetweentwothings.Therefore,itisnotverydifficultforustounderstandwhythespeakerkingusessomanycontrastsinhisspeech.

(29)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.(Par.2)

(30)NowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofseGREgationtothesunlitpathofracialjustice.(Par.4)

(31)Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood(Par.4)

(32)ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro’slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality.(Par.5)

(33)1963isnotanend,butabeginning.(Par.5)

(34)Againandagainwemustrisetothemajesticheightofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce.(Par.6)

(35)Andaswewalk,wemustmakethepledgethatweshallalwaysmarchahead.Wecannotturnback.(Par.7)

(36)…thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.(Par.10)

(37)…adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeandoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.(Par.11)

(38)…wheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.(Par.12)

(39)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope.(Par.17)

(40)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.

4.Conclusion

Aswehaveanalyzedabove,stylisticdevicesarefrequentlyusedinthediscourseofliteraryworksespeciallyinspeech,toachievecertainspecificpurposes.Thusmakingthestyleofaspeechsomewhatparticulartotheothers.

Generallyspeaking,aspeechmayhavethefollowingstylisticcharacteristics:

Tobeginwith,itmustbeverypersuasive.Thusthesentencepatternsareverywell-organized,withrepetitions,parallelismandcontrastsfrequentlyused.

Secondly,itshouldbeemotionalsoastobeconvincing,becausethespeakershouldfacetheaudiencedirectlyandhiswordsshouldnotonlybeorderlyandinformativebutalsobeexpressiveandinspiring.Therefore,thestylisticdevicessuchassimilesandmetaphorsareofteninvolved.

Finally,inmanycases,written-conversationalstyleisusuallyusedwithnotveryformaldictionandnotverycomplicatedsentencestructure.

Bibliography:

[1].MartinLutherKing,Jr.,IHaveaDream,August28,1963

[2].WangShouyuan,EssentialsofEnglishStylistics,ShandongUniversityPress,July,2000

[3].PanShaozhang,EnglishRhetoricandWriting,ShanghaiTransportationUniversityPress,December,1998

[4].Widdowson,H.G.StylisticsandtheTeachingofLiterature,Longman,1975

[5].Leech,G.N.“‘ThisbreadIbreak’Languageandinterpretation”。InD.C.Freeman.(ed.).Ling:Holt,Rinhart&Winston.

Acknowledgements:

ItwasreallyalaborioustasktoaccomplishaB.Athesis.Manypeoplegavemesupportandhelpintheprocessofwritingthepaper.I’dlikefirsttogivemygratetomydearteacher,viceprofessorMr.LiuFagong,whogenerouslygavemehiskindlyhelpandinstructionsduringthewholeprocessofmypaper-writing.ThenI’dliketogivemymanythankstomyclassmateswhohelpedmealotwithmyinformationcollectingandpaper-,IwanttogivemythankstomymotheruniversityandalltheteachersintheEnglishCollege,whoeducatedandcultivatedmetobeaqualifiedteacherinthefuture.

英语专业毕业论文 篇7

关键词: 英语专业毕业论文引用方式行文的主语安排

近来,研究英语专业毕业论文的指导书籍不断出现,但其中许多只涉及英语专业毕业论文的宏观问题,即论文的选题、结构和格式等问题,而对于论文的重要行文式方之一――论文的语言表达方法往往语焉不详。有的研究者虽然注意到了这个问题,如李娜(2003:90-92)指出论文的立论句应该“适当限定主题句的范围、体现一致的原则,准确”等,段落发展有定义法、分类法、举例法、列举法、结果―原因法、原因―结果法对比和比较法、过程描述法等,但这些写作手段往往也是一般论说文和说明文的要求,未能够深入研究英语专业毕业论文的特别之处。那么,英语专业论文的特别之处是什么呢?它的特别重要的行文方式包含哪些东西呢?

笔者认为主要有二:一是论文的引用方式及其理由,二是论文的行文的主语安排。首先看论文的引用方式。诚然,一般论说文和说明文也可以有引用的方法,但“一般引用权威的话来说明”(蔡基刚,2005:110),即用政治家的话语或一些科学家、专家对于社会上的一些现象、问题做一些评论,而论文的引用则侧重于论文所涉及的学科或写作者所做的科学调查的结果,诸如特别的数据、解释、结论等,下面两个例子就能够说明这个区别:

1.Why would a mental vision of success help produce real success?Dr.Maltz,a surgeon and author,says this:“Your nervous system cannot tell the difference between an imagined experience and a real experience.In either case it reacts automatically to information that you give.It reacts appropriately to what you think or imagine to be true.”

2.Gwendolyn Brooks’s “The Bean Eaters” runs only eleven lines.It is written in plain language about very plain people.Yet its meaning is critic,George E.Kent,says the old couples who eat beans “have had their day and exist now as time-markers”(141).However,another reader,D.H.Melham,perceives not so much time marking as “endurance” in the old couple(123).Is this poem a despairing picture of old age or a more positive portrait?

在上述两个例子中都分别采用了引用业内权威人士的方式。在第一个例子中,作者提出了一种对成功的憧憬,能够导致实际生活中的成功这一命题,这在一般人看来有点难以置信,如果选择用事实的角度来证明的话,可能不太能够让人们相信。因此,作者特用著名心理学家Maltz博士的话语:“人们的神经系统不能够分辨出想象和现实,你给自己的神经系统无论是想象还是现实,它都要自动作出反应。所以如果你觉得想象是真实的话,你的神经系统也可能会这样认为。”这种采用权威人士话语的做法,实际上是将心理学上的“威光效应”,用于普通的生活。

第二个例子的面要狭窄得多,它只是引用两位文学评论家对于一首诗歌的不同的解读。其中第一位文学评论家认为“The Bean Eaters”的主题是描述一对老夫妇在年轻的时候也曾经风风火火过,如今好景不再,只得在无聊中度过余生。而另一位文学评论家则认为诗歌的寓意不仅仅只是这样,它还强调了老年人“烈士暮年,壮心不已”的情怀,给人以鞭策鼓舞的作用。这是一篇英美学生的论文,这种引用起到了讨论论文的主题的学术背景的回顾作用,显而易见,这种引用说明了学术论文引用更加专业、更加注重学科的具体性,而这也就是论文的引用与一般论说文和说明文的截然不同之处。由此可见,论文的引用应该是用特别专业性而非普遍性的材料,这是它使用引证时的一个鲜明特点,加文・费尔贝恩概括论文引用时指出(Gavin J.Fairbarin)(2001:107):参考文献的引用在1.它们对于你证明自己言之有据是必要的;2.你想表明正在使用的观点来自他人;3.在建立自己的观点和论证的时候,你希望批评别人的观点或论证。费尔贝恩在这里强调了论文引用材料的科学性(“言之有据”)及学术创新性(“希望批评别人的观点或论证”)。

既然论文引用有此特点,那么它在什么时候才能进行呢?笔者认为,论文的引用大多发生在完整地调查研究一个原始材料之后,或者在掌握了尽可能穷尽的专题性的调查数据之后。例如,当你要讨论英国著名作家简・奥斯汀的幽默轻松的美学风格时,你必须对古今中外各种研究者对于奥斯汀的幽默进行透彻的调查,此外还应该系统完整地考察奥斯汀作品中的种种幽默表现,即各种喜剧性的叙述或描述。在此之后,在做出这两种科学的调查基础之上,你才可以在论文写作时围绕一个中心点进行各种层面的仔细讨论时不时地引用材料来说明你的观点、看法或结论,这样才能够使人信服。正如泰特尔鲍姆(Harry Teitelbaum)(2005:63)所谓:“当你做笔记的时候,你也许会逐字抄录。现在,当你开始写作时,你就可以考虑哪些材料和多少材料进行引用了。”

英语专业毕业论文在表述方式上还有一个重要特点,就是它使用的句子主语往往是物称与人称交错使用形式。所谓物称主语,是指使用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语,而不使用有生命意义的人称代词,正如G.Leech & J.Svarrivik(1974:25)所指出的:“Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style;i.e.one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his readers,but avoids the pronouns I,you,we.”为了达到这种交错的目的,往往可以采用两种途径来实现:1.直接采用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语;2.不时使用被动语态,将本来可以用主动语态表述的句子改变成带有物化主语的被动语态句子,如下例所示:

Since understanding is confined to the ages and different persons,the process of understanding can never be finished.With the development of society and cognition of human beings,the translator in his reading may get a better understanding of the established litany works to be retranslated.Booth holds the idea that the experience of hermeneutic possesses a model of “dialogue”。Understanding is a way of dialogue,a logical model of questions and answers.

In the course of this dialogue,the text is open to readers,raising questions to them,while readers raise new questions in order to understand and answer questions posed by the text.At the same time,readers surpass their own horizon unceasingly.The more questions mean more dialogue,and more dialogue,more questions.The text embodies its boundless possibilities continuity of question and answer process,while readers constantly extend and overstep their horizon.The understanding or interpretation enrich in this way.

由上例可见,使用抽象名词,或者无生命的事物名称作主语和被动语态的句子(用黑体字表示),基本上与使用具体名词或有生命的事物名称作主语相等。笔者还就这个问题分析了5篇论文,发现结果都与上例相似。之所以要物称与人称交错使用,根据一些研究者的观点,是因为适当使用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语和被动语态的句子可以使文章带有几分客观、正式的意味,但同时又必须使文章好读,而这正是以客观为己任,强调文体的严肃性、正式性的论文,包括英语专业毕业论文所青睐的(Fudolf Fletch,1985:141-142)。

参考文献:

[1]李娜。英语专业自考毕业论文写作教程。世界图书出版公司,2003.

[2]蔡基刚,黄莺。大学英语初级写作教程。复旦大学出版社,2005.

[3]加文・费尔贝恩。大学生阅读指导。中国人民大学出版社,2005.

[4]哈里・泰特尔鲍姆。怎样写主题论文。上海交通大学出版社,2005.

[5]S.Baker,G.Leech J.Svarrivik的论述转引自连淑能《英汉对比研究》.高等教育出版社,1993.

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