初中阶段,定语从句可以说是一个难点。为大家精心整理了考研知识点之定语从句最新3篇,希望能够给予您一些参考与帮助。
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
关系代词as与which引导的非限制性定语从句,其先行词都可以是整个主句,指代主句的整个意 思。但as和which具有不同的词义、句法和用法。
1、 as引导的从句表示说话人的看法、态度、解释或评论
引导定语从句时,as仍具有正如,像,由……可知等意思,翻译时 有时可不必译出。as定语从句常含有这些动词:see, know, hear, watch, remember, say, tell, show, expect, guess等,这类动词与as连用几乎成了一种固定搭配。as引导的此类从句可以置于句首、句中或 句尾。如:
The famous magician Liu Qian, as we all know, is from Taiwan. 众所周知,著名魔术师刘 谦是台湾人。
There is a net bar around here, as I remember. 我记得这儿附近有一家网吧。
As is often the case, girls like dolls while boys like guns. 女孩子喜欢玩具而男孩子 喜欢枪,这是常见的情况。
2、 which引导的从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明,表明事物的状态或结果
which此时指前面主句所提到的这件事,常译为这一点,这件事等。这时它所引 导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。注意,它引导的从句不像as那样位置灵活,它只能位于主句 的后面。如:
He changed his mind again, which made us all angry. 他又改变了主意,这使我们大家都生 气了。
She tore up my photos, which (=and that) upset me.她撕碎了我的照片,这使我很不安。
3、 在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时,要用which,不用as
Jenny might come, in which case I‘ll ask her. 詹妮可能会来,要是那样的话我就去问 她。
She graduated from a local middle school, after which she went to Beijing University. 她毕业于当地的一所中学,之后她去了北京大学。
4、 当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或含着一个复合宾语时,一般用which而不用as
He pretended not to know me, which I didn’t understand. 他假装不认识我,这是我搞 不明白的。
He admires everyone in his class, which I find quite strange. 他羡慕班里的每个学生, 我认为太奇怪了。
【特别说明】
as引导非限制性定语从句的最大特点是位置灵活;其次,as有以下常见的,而which不具备的 固定表达:
as we all know 众所周知
as I can remember 正如我所记得的
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as we expect 正如我们预料的那样
as you see 这一点你明白
as was expected 正如预料的那样
as can be seen 看得出来
as may be imagined 正如可以想象的那样
as has been said above 如上所述
as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样
as is often the case 像常规那样
as everybody can do 正如人人都能做到的那样
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.。
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has)。
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。